Demulsification



United States Patent 8 Claims. (Cl. 252344) This application is a division of Ser. No. 47,386 filed August 4, 1960, now US. Patent No. 3,200,106.

This invention relates to branched polyalkylene polyamines and to derivatives thereof. More particularly, this invention relates to said branched polyamines and to branched polyamine derivatives containing various groups, such as the oxyalkylated, acylated, alkylated, carbonylated, olefinated, etc., derivatives thereof, prepared by introducing such groups individually, alternately, in combination, etc., including for example, derivatives prepared by varying the order of adding such groups, by increasing the number and order of adding such groups, and the like.

This invention also relates to methods of using these products, which have an unexpectedly broad spectrum of uses, for example, as demulsifiers for water-in-oil emulsions; as demulsifiers for oil-in-Water emulsions; as corrosion inhibitors; as fuel oil additives for gasoline, diesel fuel, jet fuel, and the like; as lubricating oil additives; as scale preventatives; as chelating agents or to form chelates which are themselves useful, for example, as antioxidants, gasoline stabilizers, fungicides, etc.; as flotation agents, for example, as flotation collection agents; as asphalt additives or anti-stripping agents for asphaltrnineral aggregate compositions; as additives for compositions useful in acidizing calcareous strata of oil wells; as additives for treating Water used in the secondary recovery of oil and in disposal wells; as additives used in treating oil-well strata in primary oil recovery to enhance the flow of oil; as emulsifiers for both oil-inwater and water-in-oil emulsions; as additives for slushing oils; as additives for cutting oils; as additives for oil to prevent emulsification during transport; as additives for drilling muds; as agents useful in removing mud sheaths from newly drilled wells; as dehazing or foginhibiting agents for fuels; as additives for preparing sand or mineral slurries useful in treating oil wells to enhance the recovery of oil; as agents for producing polymeric emulsions useful in preparing water-vapor impermeable paper board; as agents in paraffin solvents; as agents in preparing thickened silica aerogel lubricants; as gasoline additives to remove copper therefrom; as deicing and antistalling agents for gasoline; as antiseptic, preservative, bactericidal, bacteriostatic, germicidal, fungicidal agents; as agents for the textile industry, for example, as mercerizing assistants, as wetting agents, as rewetting agents, as dispersing agents, as detergents, as penetrating agents, as softening agents, as dyeing assistants, as anti-static agents, and the like; as additives for rubber latices; as entraining agents for concrete and cements; as anti-static agents for rugs, floors, upholstery, plastic and wax polishes, textiles, etc; as detergents useful in metal cleaners, in floor oils, in dry cleaning, in general cleaning, and the like; as agents useful in leather processes such as in flat liquoring, pickling, acid degreasing, dye fixing, and the like; as agents in metal 3,259,587 Patented July 5, 1956 pickling; as additives in paints for improved adhesion of primers, in preventing water-spotting in lacquer; as antiskinners for pigment flushing, grinding and dispersing, as antifeathering agents in ink; as agents in the preparation of Wood pulp and pulp slurries, as emulsifiers for insecticidal compositions and agricultural sprays such as DDT, 24D (Toxaphene), chlordane, nicotine sulfate, hexachloracyclohexane, and the like; as agents useful in building materials, for example, in the water repellent treatment of plaster, concrete, cement, roofing materials, floor sealers; as additives in bonding agents for various insulating building materials; and the like.

THE BRANCHED POLYAMINE The branched polyamines employed herein are poly alkylene polyamines wherein the branched group is a side chain containing on the average at least one nitrogen-bonded aminoalkylene i.e.

r 1 NHzR-NR L l.

group per nine amino units present on the main chain, for example, 1-4 of such branched chains per nine units on the main chain, but preferably one side chain unit per nine main chain units. Thus, these polyamines contain at least three primary amino groups and at least one tertiary amino group.

These reagents may be expressed by the formula:

Nada) R Q RNH,

[' l in NH: y

wherein R is an alkylene group such as ethylene, propylene, butylene and other homologues (both straight chained and branched), etc., but preferably ethylene; and x, y and z are integers, x being for example, from 4 to 24 or more but preferably 6 to 18, y being for example 1 to 6 or more 'but preferably 1 to 3, and 2 being for example 0-6 but preferably 0 1. The x and y units may be sequential, alternative, orderly or randomly distributed.

The preferred class of polyamines includes those of the formula H H NHz (RN RN(RN -11 L b I" I THg u where n is an integer, for example, 1-20 or more but preferably 13, wherein R is preferably ethylene, but may be propylene, butylene, etc. (straight chained or branched).

The preferred embodiments are presented by the following formula:

The radicals in the brackets may be joined in a headto-head or a head-to-tail fashion. Compounds described by this formula wherein n=13 are manufactured and sold as Polyamines N-400, N-800, N-1200 etc. Polyarnine N-400 has the above formula wherein n=1.

These compounds may be prepared by a wide variety of methods. One method comprises the reaction of ethanolamine and ammonia under pressure over a fixed bed of a metal hydrogenation catalyst. By controlling the conditions of this reaction one may obtain varying amounts of piperazine and polyamines as well as the branched chain polyalkylene polyamine useful in this invention. This process is described in Australian application No. 42,189, now Australian Patent No. 233,766, and in the German Patent No. 14,480 (March 17, 1958) reported in Chem. Abstracts, August 10, 1949, 14,129.

These branched polyamines can also be prepared by the following reactions:

1-2 hours or longer, one can in many cases recover a second mole of water for each mole of carboxylic acid group employed, the first mole of water being evolved during amidification. The product formed in such cases contains a cyclic amidine ring, such as an imidazoline or a tetrahydropyrimidine ring. Infrared analysis is a convenient method of determining the presence of these groups.

Water is formed as a by-product of the reaction between the acylating agent and the branched polyamine reactant. In order to facilitate the removal of this water, to effect a more complete reaction in accordance with the principle of Le Chatelier, a hydrocarbon solvent which forms an azeotropic mixture with water can be added to the reaction mixture. Heating is continued with the liquid reaction mixture at the preferred reaction temperature, until the removal of water by azeotropic distillation has substantially ceased. In general, any hydro- CH: O H:

Variations on the above procedure can produce other branched polyamines.

The branched nature of the polyamine imparts unusual properties to the polyamine and its derivatives.

For the sake of brevity and to simplify presentation, the invention will be described by the selection of one branched polyamine to illustrate the reactions and uses thereof (i.e. N-400). However, it is to be understood that such presentation is purely for illustration and the invention should not be limited thereto.

ACYLATION A wide variety of acylating agents can be employed. Acylation is carried out under dehydrating condition, i.e., water is removed. Any of the well-known methods of acylation can be employed. For example, heat alone, heat and reduced pressure, heat in combination with an azeotroping agent, etc., are all satisfactory.

The temperature at which the reaction between the acylating agent and the branched polyalkylenepolyamine is effected is not too critical a factor. Since the reactions involved appear to be an amide-formation reaction and a condensation reaction, the general temperature condi tions for such reactions, which are well known to those skilled in the art, are applicable.

Acylation is conducted at a temperature sutficiently high to eliminate water and below the pyrolytic point of the reactants and the reaction products. In general, the reaction is carried out at a temperature of from 120 to 280 C., but preferably at 140 to 200 C.

The product formed on acylation will vary with the particular conditions employed. First the salt, then the amide is formed. If, however, after forming the amide at a temperature between 140 -250 C., but usually not above 200 C., one heats such products at a higher range, approximately 250280 C., or higher, possibly up to 300 C. for a suitable period of time, for example,

I OH;

carbon solvent which forms an azeotropic mixture with water can be used. It is preferred, however, to use an aromatic hydrocarbon solvent of the benzene series. Nonlimiting examples of the preferred solvent are benzene, toluene, and xylene. The amount of solvent used is a variable and non-critical factor. It is dependent on the size of the reaction vessel and the reaction temperature selected. Accordingly, a sufiicient amount of solvent must be used to support the azeotropic distillation, but a large excess must be avoided since the reaction temperature will be lowered thereby. Water produced by the reaction can also be removed by operating under reduced pressure. When operating with a reaction vessel equipped with a reflux condenser provided with a water takeoff trap, sufficient reduced pressure can be achieved by applying a slight vacuum to the upper end of the condenser. The pressure inside the system is usually reduced to between about 50 and about 300 millimeters. If desired, the water can be removed also by distillation, while operating under relatively high temperature conditions.

The time of reaction between the acylating agent and the branched polyamine reactant is dependent on the weight of the charge, the reaction temperature selected, and the means employed for removing the water from the reaction mixture. In practice, the reaction is continued until the formation of water has substantially ceased. In general, the time of reaction will vary between about 4 hours and about ten hours.

Although a wide variety of carboxylic acids produce excellent products, carboxylic acids having more than 6 carbon atoms and less than 40 carbon atoms but preferably 8-30 carbon atoms give most advantageous products. The most common examples include the detergent forming acids, i.e., those acids which combine with alkalies to produce soap or soap-like bodies. The detergentforming acids, in turn, include naturally-occurring fatty acids,resin acids, such as abietic acid, naturally occurring petroleum acids, such as naphthenic acids, and carboxy acids, produced by the oxidation of petroleum. As will be subsequently indicated, there are other acids which have somewhat similar characteristics and are derived from somewhat different sources and are different in structure, but can be included in the broad generic term previously indicated.

Suitable acids include straight chain and branched chain, saturated and unsaturated, aliphatic, alicyclic, fatty, aromatic, hydroaromatic, and aralkyl acids, etc.

Examples of saturated aliphatic monocarboxylic acids are acetic, proprionic, butyric, valeric, caproic, heptanoic, caprylic, nonacoic, capric, undecanoic, lauric, tridecanoic, myriatic, pentadecanoic, palmitic, heptadecanoic, stearic, nonadecanoic, eicosanoic, heneicosanoic, docosanoic, tricosanoic, tetracosanoic, pentacosanoic, cerotic, heptacosanoic, montanic, nonacosanoic, melissic and the like.

Examples of ethylenic unsaturated aliphatic acids are acrylic, methacrylic, crotonic, anglic, teglic, the pentenoic acids, the hexenoic acids, for example, hydrosorbic acid, the heptenoic acids, the octenoic acids, the nonenoic acids, the decenoic acids, for example, obtusilic acid, the undecenoic acids, the dodecenoic acids, for example, lauroleic, linderic, etc., the tridecenoic acids, the tetradecenoic acids, for example, myristoleic acid, the pentadecenoic acids, the hexadecenoic acids, for example, palmitoleic acid, the heptadecenoic acids, the octodecenoic acids, for example, petrosi lenic acid, oleic acid, elardic acid, the nonadecenoic acids, for example, the eicosenoic acids, the doco-senoic acids, for example, erucic acid, brassidic acid, cetoleic acid, the tetradosen-ic acids, and the like.

Examples of dienoic acids are the pentadienoic acids, the hexadienoic acids, for example, sorbic acid, the octadienoic acids, for example, linoleic, and the like.

Examples of the trienoic acids are the octadecatrienoic acids, for example, linolenic acid, eleostearic acid, pseudoeleostearic acid, and the like.

carboxylic acids containing functional groups such as hydroxy groups can be employed. Hydroxy acids, particularly the alpha hydroxy acids include glycolic acid, lactic acid, the hydroxyvaleric acids, the hydroxy caproic acids, the hydroxyheptanoic acids, the hydroxy caprylic acids, the hydroxynonanoic acids, the hydroxycap-ric acids, the hydroxydecanoic acids, the hydroxy lauric acids, the hydroxy tridecanoic acids, the hydroxymyr-istic acids, the hydroxypentadecanoic acids, the hydroxyp-almitic acids, the hydroxyhexadecanoic acids, the hydroxyheptadecanoic acids, the hydroxy stearic acids, the hydroxyoctadecenoic acids, for example, ricinoleic acid, ricinelardic acid, hydroxyoctadecyno-ic acids, for example, ricinstearolic acid, the hydroxyelcosanoic acids, for example, hydroxyar-achidic acid, the hydroxydocosanoic acids, for example, hydroxy'behenic acid, and the like.

Examples of .acetylated hydroxyacids are ricinoleyl lactic acid, acetyl ricinoleic acid, chloroacetyl ricinoleic acid, and the like.

Examples of the cyclic aliphatic carboxylic acids are those found in petroleum called naphthenic acids, hydrocarbic and chaumoogric acids, cyclopentane carboxylic acids, cyclohexanecanboxylic acid, campholic acid, fenchlolic acids, and the like.

Examples of aromatic monocarboxylic acids are benzoic acid, substituted benzoic acids, for example, the toluic acids, the xyleneic acids, alkoxy benzoic acid, phenyl benzoic acid, naphthalene carboxylic acid, and the like.

Mixed higher fatty acids derived from animal or vegetable sources, for example, lard, cocoanut oil, rapeseed oil, sesame oil, palm kernel oil, palm oil, olive oil, corn oil, cottonseed oil, sardine oil, tallow, soyabe-an oil, peanut oil, castor oil, seal oils, whale oil, shark oil, and other fish oils, teaseed oil, partially or completely hydrogenated animal and vegetable oils are advantageously employed.

Fatty and similar acids include those derived from various waxes, such as beeswax, spermaceti, montan wax, Japan wax, coccerin and carnauba wax. Such acids include carnaubic acid, cerotic acid, l-acceric acid, montanic acid, psyllastearic acid, etc. One may also employ higher molecular weight carboxylic acids derived by oxidation and other methods, such as from parafiin wax, petroleum and similar hydrocarbons; resinic and hydroaromatic acids, such as hexahydrobenzoic acid, hydrogenated naphthoic, hydrogenated carboxy diphenyl, naphthenic, and abietic acid; Twitchell fatty acids, carboxydiphenyl pyridine carboxylic acid, blown oils, blown oil fatty acids and the like.

Other suitable acids include phenylstearic acid, benzoylnonylic acid, cetyloxybutyric acid, cetyloxy-acetic acid, chlorstearic acid, etc.

Examples of the polycarboxylic acids are those of the aliphatic series, for example, oxalic, malon-ic, succinic, glutaric, adipic, pimelic, suberic, azelaic, sebacic, nonanedicarboxylic acid, decanedicarboxylic acids, undecanedicarboxylic acids, and the like.

Examples of unsaturated aliphatic polycarboxylic acids are fumaric, maleic, mesocenic, citraconic, glutonic, itaconic, muconic, aconitic acids, and the like.

Examples of aromatic polycarboxyl-ic acids are phthalic, isophthalic acids, terephthalic acids, substituted derivatives thereof (e.g. alkyl, chloro, alkoxy, etc., derivatives), biphenyldicarboxylic acid, diphenylether di-carboxylic acids, diphenylsulfone dicarboxylic acids and the like.

Higher aromatic polycarboxylic acids containing more than two carboxylic groups are himimelli-tic, trimellitic, trimesic, mellophanic, prehnitic, pyromellitic acids, mellitic acid, and the like.

Other polycarboxyl-ic acids are the dimeric, trirneric, and polymeric acids, for example, dilinoleic, trilinoleic, and! other polyacids sold by Emery Industries, and the like. Other polycarboxylic acids include those containing ether groups, for example, diglycolic acid. Mixtures of the above acids can be advantageously employed.

In addition, acid precursors such as acid anhydrides, esters, acid halides, glycerides, etc., can be employed in place of the free acid'.

Examples of acid anhydrides are the alkenyl succinic acid anhydrides.

Any alkenyl succinic acid anhydride or the corresponding acid is utilizable for the production of the reaction products of the present invention. The general structural formulae of these compound-s are:

Anhydride CHz-C Acid R-CH-C OHr-O wherein R is an alkenyl radical. The alkenyl radical can be straight-chain or branched-chain; and it can be saturated at the point of unsaturation by the addition of a substance which adds to olefinic double bonds, such as hydrogen, sulfur, bromine, chlorine, or iodine. It is obvi ous, of course, that there must be at least two carbon atoms in the alkenyl radical, but there is no real upper limit to the number of carbon atoms therein. However, it is preferred to use an alkenyl succinic acid anhydride reactant having between about 8 and about 18 carbon atoms per alkenyl radical. Although their use is less desirable, the alkenyl succinic acids also react, in accordance with this invention, to produce satisfactory reaction products. It has been found, however, that their use necessitates the removal of Water formed during the reaction and also often causes undesirable side reactions to occur to some extent. Nevertheless, the alkenyl succinic acid anhydrides and the alkenyl succinic acids are interchangeable for the purposes of the present invention. Accordingly, when the term alkenyl succinic acid anhydride, is used herein, it must be clearly understood that it embraces the alkenyl succinic acids as well as their anhydrides, and the derivatives thereof in which the olefinic double bond has been saturated as set forth hereinbefore. Non-limiting examples of the alkenyl succinic acid anhydride reactant are ethenyl succinic acid anhydrides; ethenyl succinic acid; ethyl succinic acid anhydride; propenyl succinic acid anhydride; sulfurized propenyl succinic acid anhydride; butenyl succinic acid; Z-methylbutenyl succinic acid anhydride; 1,2-dichloropentyl succinic acid anhydride; hexenyl succinic acid anhydride; hexyl succinic acid; sulfurized 3-methylpentenyl succinic acid anhydride; 2,3-dimethylbutenyl succinic acid anhydride; 3,3-dimethylbutenyl succinic acid; 1,2-dibromo-Z-ethylbutyl succinic acid; heptenyl succinic acid anhydride; 1,2-diiodooctyl succinic acid; octenyl succinic acid anhydride; 2-methyl-heptenyl succinic acid anhydride; 4-ethylhexenyl succinic acid; 2-isopropylpentenyl succinic acid anhydride; nonenyl succinic acid anhydride; 2-propylhexenyl succinic acid anhydride; decenyl succinic acid; decenyl succinic acid anhydride; S-methyl-Z-isopropylhexenyl succinic acid anhydride; 1,2-dibromo-2-ethyloctenyl succinic acid anhydride; decyl succinic acid anhydride; undecenyl succinic acid anhydride; 1,2-dichloroundecyl succinic acid anhydride; 1,2-dichloro-undecyl succinic acid; 3-ethyl-2-t-butylpentenyl succinic acid anhydride; dodecenyl succinic acid anhydride; dodecenyl succinic acid; Z-propylnonenyl succinic acid anhydride; 3-butyloctenyl succinic acid anhydride; tridecenyl succinic acid anhydride; tetradecenyl succinic acid anhydride; hexadecenyl succinic acid anhydride; sulfurized octadecenyl succinic acid; octadecyl succinic acid anhydride; l,2-dibromo-2-methylpentadecenyl succinic acid anhydride; 8-propylpentadecyl succinic acid anhydride; eicosenyl succinic acid anhydride; 1,2-dichloro-2-methylnonadecenyl succinic acid anhydride; 2-octyldodecenyl uccinic acid; 1,2-diiodotetracosenyl succinic acid anhydride; hexacosenyl succinic acid; hexacosenyl succinic acid anhydride; and hentriacontenyl succinic acid anhydride.

The methods of preparing the alkenyl succinic acid anhydrides are well known to those familiar with the art. The most feasible method is by the reaction of an olefin with maleic acid anhydride. Since relatively pure olefins are difiicult to obtain, and when thus obtainable, are often too expensive for commercial use, alkenyl succinic acid anhydrides are usually prepared as mixtures by reacting mixtures of olefins with maleic acid anhydride. Such mixtures, as well as relatively pure anhydrides, are utilizable herein.

In summary, without any intent of limiting the scope of the invention, acylation includes amidification, the formation of the cyclic amidine ring, the formation of acid imides such as might occur when anhydrides such as the alkenylsuccinic acids are reacted, i.e.,

CHz-C wherein P=branched polyamine residue, polymers as might occur when a dicarboxylic acid is reacted intermolecularly with the branched polyamine, cyclization as might occur when a dicarboxylic acid reacts intramolecularly with the polyamine as contrasted to intermolecular reactions, etc. The reaction products may contain other substances. Accordingly, these reaction products are most accurately defined by a definition comprising a recitation of the process by which they are produced, i.e., by acylation.

The moles of acylating agent reacted with the branched polyamine will depend on the number of acylation reactive positions contained therein as well as the number of moles of acylating agent one wishes to incorporate into the molecule. We have advantageously reacted 1 to 10 moles of acylating agent per mole of Polyamine N400, but preferably 1 to 6 moles. With Polyamine N-800 and N1200, twice and three times as many moles of acylating agent can be employed respectively, i.e. with Polyamine N-800, l-20 moles, preferably 1-12; with N-l200, 1-30, but preferably 1-18. Optimum acylation will depend on the particular application.

The following examples are illustrative of the preparation of the acylated branched polyamines.

The following general procedure is employed in acylating. The branched polyamine is mixed with the desired ratio of acid and a suitable azeotroping agent is added. Heat is then applied. After the removal of the calculated amount of water (1 to 2 equivalents per carboxylic acid group of the acid employed), heating is stopped and the azeotroping agent is evaporated under vacuum. The temperature during the reaction can vary from to 200 C. Where the formation of the cyclic amidine type structure is desired the maximum temperature is generally ISO-250 C. and more than one mole of water per carboxylic group is removed. The reaction times range from 4 to 24 hours. Here again, the true test of the degree of reaction is the amount of water removed.

Example 3-A In a 5 liter, 3 necked flask furnished with a stirring device, thermometer, phase separating trap, condenser and heating mantle, 1 mole (400 grams) of Polyamine N-400 is dissolved in an equal weight of xylene, i.e., 400 grams. 845 grams of oleic acid (3 moles) is added to the polyamine with stirring in about ten minutes. The reaction mixture is then heated gradually to about C. in half an hour and then held at about C. over a period of 3 hours until 54 grams (3 moles) of water is collected in the side of the tube. The solvent is then removed with gentle heating under reduced pressure of approximately 20 mm. The product is a dark, viscous, xylene-soluble liquid.

Example 3A The prior example is repeated except that the final re action temperature is maintained at 240 C. and 90 grams (5 moles) of water are removed instead of 54 grams (3 moles). Infrared analysis of the product indicates the presence of a cyclic amidine ring.

The following examples of acylated branched polyamines are prepared in the manner of the above examples from Polyamine N-400 by employing 400 grams of polyamine in each example. The products obtained are dark, viscous materials.

In the examples the symbol A identified the acylated branched polyamine. Thus, specifically 1-A, represents acylated Polyamine N400, which polyamine is employed in all the reactions of the following table.

TABLE I.-ACYLATED PRODUCTS OF POLYAMINE N400 Acid Moles of Water Removed Ex. Acid/Mole i Polyarnine Name Grams N-400 Moles Grams 9:1 10.1 182 8:1 10.1 182 7:1 9. 2 166 :1 7. 1 128 3:1 5. 3 95 1:1 2.0 36 5:1 7. 2 129 4:1 6. 0 108 3:1 5.1 92 6:1 5. 9 106 3:1 3. 0 54 3:1 5.0 90 4:1 5. 9 106 3:1 3. 2 58 1:1 1. 1 20 3:1 3.0 54 2:1 2. 2 40 3:1 5. 3 95 2:1 3.0 54 4:1 6. 2 112 3:1 4. 5 81 0. 5:1 1. 9 35 0. 66:1 4. 1 74 8Aa undo 1, 800 3:1 6. 3 113 9-11..-" Allrenyl (C12) suc- 1,064 4:1 6.1 111 011110. 9-A2 Anhydride (266) 798 3:1 3. 2 19-113.... o 532 2:1 0.3 5.4 -A1... Allgenyl (Cm) suc- 966 3:1 5. 2

01n10. 10-Az--. Anhydride (322) 644 2:1 2.1 38

15-14 do 78. 4 0. 8:1 0.0 15-A do 49 0. 5:1 0.1 1.8 16-A Naphthenie (330) 990 3:1 3 54 (Sun-aptic Acid 17-A Tercphthalic (166)- 332 2:1 4 72 17-142--. do 498 3:1 5 90 17A3 -do 830 5:1 6 108 *Chief substituent of oiticica oil is the glyceride of licanie acid:

The following table presents specific illustration of compounds other than N-400 and its derivatives.

TABLE IA.-ACYLATED PRODUCTS 10 OXYALKYLATION These branched polyamines can be oxyalkylated in the conventional manner, for example, by means of an alpha-beta alkylene oxide such as ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, butylene oxide, octylene oxide, a higher alkylene oxide, styrene oxide, glycide, methylglycide, etc., or combinations thereof. Depending on the particular application desired, one may combine a large proportion of alkylene oxide, particularly ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, a combination or alternate additions or propylene oxide and ethylene oxide, or smaller proportions thereof in relation to the branched polyamine. Thus, the molar ratio of alkylene oxide to branched polyamine can range within wide limits, for example, from a 1:1 mole ratio to a ratio of 1000:1, or higher, but preferably 1 to 200. For example, in demulsification extremely high alkylene oxide ratios are often advantageously employed such as 200-300 or more moles of alkylene oxide per mole of branched polyamine. On the other hand, for certain applications such as corrosion prevention and use as fuel oil additives, lower ratios of alkylene oxides are advantageously employed, i.e., l/1025 moles of alkylene oxide per mole of branched polyamine. By proper control, desired hydrophilic or hydrophobic properties are imparted to the composition. As is well known, oxyalkylation reactions are conducted under a wide variety of conditions, at low or high pressures, at low or high temperatures, in the presence or absence of catalyst, solvent, etc. For instance oxyalkylation reactions can be carried out at temperatures of from 200 C., and pressures of from 10 to 200 psi, and times of from 15 min. to several days. Preferably oxyalkylation reactions are carried out at 80 to C. and 10 to 30 ps1. For conditions of oxyalkylation reactions see US. Patent 2,792,369 and other patents mentioned therein.

Oxyalkylation is too well known to require a full discussion. For purpose of brevity reference is made to Parts 1 and 2 of US. Patent No. 2,792,371, dated May 14, 1957, to Dickson in which particular attention is directed to the various patents which describe typical oxyalkylation procedure. Furthermore, manufacturers of alkylene oxides furnish extensive information as to the use of oxides. For example, see the technical bulletin entitled, Ethylene Oxide, which has been distributed by the Jefferson Chemical Company, Houston, Texas. Note also the extensive bibliography in this bulletin and the large number of patents which deal with oxyalkylation processes.

Acid Mols of Acid Water Exam- Branched Per Mols of Removed ple Polyamine Branched Name Grams Polyamme Moles Grams Alkenyl Succinic An- 532 2:1

hydride (266).

do 266 L; L

Diglycolic (134) 134 1:1 1.0 18 Maleic Anhydride (98) 98 1:1 1. Naphthenic (33) Sunap- 330 1:1 2.1 37.8

tic Acid B. Acetic (60) 60 1:1 1. 1 19. 6 Diphenolic (286). 286 1:1 1. 1 19. 6 Stearic (284) 568 2:1 1. 8 32. 4 d 284 1:1 1. 9 34. 2 600 1 :1 1. 1 19. 6 122 1 1 0. 9 16. 2 166 1:1 0. 8 14. 4 286 1 :1 1. 0 18. 0 200 1:1 1. 2 21. 6 846 3:1 3.1 55. 8 564 2: 1 1. 9 34. 2 282 1:1 1. 0 18. 0 240 4:1 4. 0 72.0

The symbol employed to designate oxyalkylation is O. Specifically 1O represents oxyalkylated Polyamine N-400.

In the following oxyalkylations the reaction vessel employed is a stainless steel autoclave equipped with the 5 usual devices for heating and heat control, a stirrer, inlet and outlet means and the like which are conventional in this type of apparatus. The stirrer is operated at a speed of 250 r.p.m. The branched polyamine, Polyamine N- 400, dissolved in an equal weight of xylene is charged into the reactor. The autoclave is sealed, swept with nitrogen, stirring started immediately and heat applied. The temperature is allowed to rise to approximately 100 C. at which time the addition of the alkylene oxide is started and added continuously at such speed as it is absorbed by the reaction mixture. When the rate of oxyalkylation slows down appreciably, which generally occurs after about 15 moles of ethylene oxide are added or after about moles of propylene oxide are added, the reaction vessel is opened and an oxyalkylation catalyst is added (in 2 weight percent of the total reactants present). The catalyst employed in the examples is sodium methylate. Thereupon the autoclave is flushed out as before and oxyalkylation completed. In the case of oxybutylation, oxyoctylation, oxystyrenation, and other oxyalkylations, etc., the catalyst is added at the beginning of the operation.

Example 1-0 Using the oxyalkylation apparatus and procedure stated above, the following compounds are prepared: 400 grams (1 mol) of Polyamine 400 are charged into a stainless steel autoclave, swept with nitrogen, stirring started, and autoclave sealed. The temperature is allowed to rise to approximately 100 C. and ethylene oxide is injected continuously until 220 grams (5 mols) total had been added over a one-half hour period. This reaction is exothermic and requires cooling to avoid a rise in temperature. The reaction mass is transferred to a suitable container. Upon cooling to room temperature, the reaction mass is a dark extremely viscous liquid.

Example 1-0 The same procedure as Example l-O is used exactly except that 396 grams of ethylene oxide (9 mols) is added to 400 grams (1 mol) of Polyamine N-400. This reaction material is a dark viscous liquid at room temperature.

Example 1O 12 tion is highly exothermic. The reaction mass now contains 1 mol of N400 and a total of 22 mols of reacted ethylene oxide.

Example 1O A portion of the reaction mass of Example 1O is transferred to another autoclave and an additional amount of EtO was added. The reaction mass now contains the ratio of 1 mol of N-400 to 40 mols of EtO.

Example 1O The addition of ethylene oxide to Example 1-0., is continued until a molar ratio of 1 mol of N-400 to mols of EtO is reached.

Example 1-0 The addition of ethylene oxide to Example lO is continued until a molar ratio of 1 mol of N-400 to 83 mols of EtO is reached.

Example 1O The addition of ethylene oxide to the Example 1O is continued until a molar ratio of 1 mol of N-400 to mols of EtO is reached.

Example 2-0 400 grams of N-400 are charged into a conventional stainless steel autoclave. The temperature is raised to C., the autoclave is flushed with nitrogen and sealed. Then 290 grams of propylene oxide (5-mols) are added slowly at 120 C. A sample is taken at this point and labeled 2O This sample contains 5 mols of PrO for each mol of N-400. It is a dark very viscous liquid at room temperature.

Example 2-O The addition of propylene oxide to 2-0 is continued as follows: The autoclave is opened and 35 grams of sodium methylate are added. The autoclave is again purged with nitrogen and sealed. Propylene oxide is added carefully until an additional 290 grams have been reacted. A sample is taken at this point and labeled 2-O This compound now contains 10 mols of propylene oxide for each mol of N400.

Example 2O The oxypropylation of 2-0 is continued until an additional 638 grams of propylene oxide are reacted. A sample is taken at this point and labeled 2O 2-O contains 21 mols of propylene oxide for each mol of N-400. At room temperature the product is a dark thick liquid.

This oxyalkylation is continued to produce examples 2-O 2O 2O 2-O A summary of oxyalkylated products produced from N-400 is presented in the following Table II.

The Roman numerals, (I), (II), and (III) besides the moles of oxide added indicate the order of oxide addition (I) first, (II) second and (HI) third, etc.

TABLE II.-OXYALKYLATED PRODUCTS [Moles of oxide/mole N-400] EtO Moles Wgt. (a)

PrO

Wgt. Moles BuO Wgt. Moles Physical properties (a) Dark viscous liquid.

Semi-solid.

TABLE II.-Continued Ex. EtO Wgt. PrO Wgt. BuO Wgt. Physical properties Moles (g.) Moles (g.) Moles (g.)

220 40 (II; 2, 320 Dark viscous liquid. 484 63 (II 3, 654 Do. 748 88 (II) 3,872 Do. 2, 332 19 (II) 1,102 Semi-solid. 4, 312 95 (II) 4, 510 Dark thick liquid.

352 19 (I) 1,102 Do. 22 968 89 (I) 2, 262 D0. -05. 18 (II) 792 96 (I) 5, 568 Do. 5-04. 95 (II) 4,080 105 (I) 6, 090 Do. 5-05- 55 (II; 2, 420 5 (I) 290 Solld. 601 5 (III 220 18 (II) 1, 044 Dark viscous liquid. 6Oz 5 (II) 220 (III) 290 25 (I) Do. 6-Oa. 9 (I) 396 23 (III) 1, 334 12 (II) D0. 6-0 19 (III) 836 19 (II) 1,102 39 (I) Do. 6O5 U. 45 (III) 1,980 75 (I) 4, 350 (II) 0 Do. 7-01- Octylene oxide 5 moles, 635 g. Do. 7-0 Octylene oxide 8 moles, 1,016 g. Do. 8-01 Styrene oxide 4 moles, 480 g. Do. 8-0 a Styrene oxide 7 moles, 840 g. Do. 9-01- Epoxide 201 1 mole, 280 g. SOlld.

The following table presents specific illustration of compounds other than N-400 and its derivatives.

TABLE IIA.-OXYALKYLATED PRODUCTS Mols of Oxide Per M01 Ex- Branched of Branched Polyamine Physical ample Polyamine Properties EtO PrO BuO 1OO1 N-800 1 Dark viscous 1 (I) 2 (II) -06. Nl200 5 (III) 4 (I) 26O| N1200 Styrene Oxide, 5 mols Solid 26-02". N1200 Octylene Oxide, 10 mols Do.

ACYLATION THEN OXYALKLATION Prior acylated branched polyamines can be oxyalkylated in the above manner by starting with the acylated branched polyamine instead of the unreacted amine. Non-limiting examples are presented in the following tables. The symbol employed to designate an acylated, oxyalkylated branched polyamine is A0. Specifically 1-A O represents acylated, then oxyalkylated polyamine N-400.

Example 3A O For this example an autoclave equipped to handle alkylene oxides is necessary. 1156 grams (1 mole) of 3-A (N-400-l-3 moles Oleic Acid minus three moles H O) are charged into the autoclave. Following a nitrogen purge and the addition of 120 grams of sodium methylate, the temperature is raised to 135 C. and 5683 grams of EtO (98 mols) are added. At the completion of this reaction, 2024 grams of PrO (46 moles) are added and the reaction allowed to go to completion. The

resulting polymer is a dark viscous fluid soluble in an aromatic solvent.

Example 5A O For this example a conventional autoclave equipped to handle alkylene oxides is necessary. 946 grams of 5-A (N400+3 moles lauric acid minus 3 moles H O) are charged into the autoclave. The charge is catalyzed with 100 grams of sodium methylate, purged with nitrogen and heated to 150 C. 480 grams (4 moles) of styrene oxide are added and reacted for 24 hours with agitation. The resulting product is a dark extremely viscous fluid.

Example 7A O For this example a conventional autoclave equipped to handle alkylene oxides is necessary. 1314 grams of 7-A (N-400+4 moles palmitic acid minus 6.2 moles H O) are charged into the autoclave. Following the addition of grams of sodium methylate and a nitrogen purge, the mass is heated to C. 660 grams of EtO (15 moles) are added and the reaction proceeded to completion. Then 1440 grams of BuO (20 mols) are added and again the reaction proceeded to completion. The resulting polymer is a dark viscous fluid soluble in an aromatic solvent.

TABLE III.AOYLATED, OXYALKYLAIED N-400 [Moles of oxide/mole of reactant] EtO PrO BuO Ex. Physical Properties Moles Wgt Moles Wgt. Moles Wgt.

(e) (a) (a) 1A4O1.-- 42 (II) 1, 048 78 (I) 4, 524 Dark, viscous liquid. 1-A4Oz (II) 352 59 (I) 3, 422 Do. 1-A403 8 (III) 352 18 (II) 1,044 15 (I) 1,080 Do. 1A4O4 23 (III) 1, 018 47 (I) 2, 726 (II) 720 3-Aa01 12 (I) 528 22 (II) 1, 276 Solid. 3AaO2 12 (II) 528 29 (I) 1, 682 Dark, thick liquid.- 3AsO3 40 (II) 2, 024 98 (I) 5, 683 D0. 4-A10i-. 4 176 Solid. 4A10z. 5 290 D0. 4A1O3 3 (I) 132 3 (II) 174 Do. 5ArO1-.. 6 432 D0. 5-ArOz.. 2 (I) 116 3 (II) 216 Do. 5-A1O3 Styrene oxide 4 moles, 480 grams Dark, viscous liquid; 5A1O4 Octylene oxide 5 moles, 635 grams 0. 7A1O1 (I) 660 (II) 1, 440 Dark, thick liquid. 7A1O2 10 (II) 440 (I) 1, 740 Do. 7-A1O3--.- 109 (II) 4, 796 210 (I) ,180 Do. 9A3O1 23 (I) 1, 018 (II) ,0 3 (III) 216 D0. 9A:4Oz (I) 1,018 26 (II) 1, 508 Do. 9-Aa03 36 (II) 1, 584 (I) 4, 524 Do. 11A101 32 (I) 1, 408 23 (II) 1, 334 Solid. 11-1110 13 (I) 572 49 (II) 2,842 D0.

The following table presents specific illustration of compounds other than N-400 and its derivatives.

TABLE III-Ar-ACYLTED, OXYALKYLATED BRANCHED OLYAMINES Mols oi Oxide Per Mol of Reactant Example Physical Properties EtO PrO BuO 18-A201 5 Dark. viscous liquid. 18-A202 D0. lit-A203 D0. 18-11204 DO. 18A205--.. 22-A101. D0. 25A1O1- D0. 25-14 01. 26-A101. D0. 26-11102. D0. 26-.A10a D0. 27-A101. DO. 27-A102- Do. 27-A1Oa DO. 27-11104 Do. 28-A101 D0. 31-A101 D0. 31-11101 Do. 31A1Oa 3 D0. 31Ai04 Epoxide 201, 1 mol 33-11101 Styrene oxide, 10 111015 OXYALKYLATION THEN ACYLATION The prior oxyalkylated branched p'olyamines can be aeylated with any of the acylation agents herein disclosed (in contrast to acylation prior to oxyalkylation). Since these reactants also have hydroxy group acylation, in addition to reaction with the amino groups noted above, also includes esterification.

The method of acylation in this instance is similar to that carried out with the polyamine itself, i.e., dehydration wherein the removal of water is a test of the completion of the reaction.

Example 1-O A One mole of 1-0 (620 grams) is mixed with three moles of acetic acid (180 grams) and 400 ml. of xylene at room temperature. The temperature is raised slowly to l20130 C. and refluxed gently for one hour. The temperature is then raised to 150-160" C. and heated until 3 moles of water and all of the xylene are stripped off. The dark product is water-soluble.

Example 2O A One mole of 2-0 (2894 grams) is mixed with one mole of palmitic acid (256 grams) at room temperature. Vacuum is applied and the temperature is raised slowly until one mole of water (18 grams) is removed. This .product is a dark viscous liquid.

One mole of 6O (7450 grams) is mixed with 500 grams of xylene and heated to C. One mole of diglycolic acid (134 grams) is added slowly to prevent excessive foaming. The temperature is raised to -150 C. and held until one mole of water has evolved. This product is the diglycolic acid fractional ester of 6-O A white precipitate forms during this reaction which can be removed by filtration. Analysis shows the precipitate to be sodium acid diglycollate, a reaction product of the catalyst and diglycolic acid. The filtered product is a dark viscous liquid at room temperature.

Table IV contains examples which further illustrate the invention. The symbol employed to designate oxya'lkylated, acylated products is OA.

TABLE IV1.3OXYALKYLATED, THEN ACYLATED RANCHED POLYAMINE N-400 Acylating agent Water removed Physical Ex. properties Moles of Wgt., Wgt. Name acylating grams Moles (g) agent 1OiA Acetic 3 180 3 54 Dark liquid. 10@A. Oleic 1 232 1 18 Do. 1-O3A. Stearic 2 568 2 36 Solid. 2-O|A. Laurie 1 200 1 18 Dark liquid. 2O2A-. Myristic 2 457 2 36 D0. 2-O4A Palmit 1 256.4 1 18 Do. 4-O1A Oleic.- 2 564 2 36 Solid. 4-0 Rieinolei 1 298.5 1 18 Dark liquid. 5-O1A-- Abietic acid. 1 302.4 1 18 Dark solid. 6O3A- Tall oil 1 1 18 Dark liquid. 6-01A Linoleic 1 280.4 1 18 Do. 6-0 Oleic 2 564 2 36 Do. 6Oz.A Maleic an- 1 98 1 18 Viscous hydride. liqui 6-O A Diglycolic-.- 1 134 1 18 Do. 7-O1A-- Laurie 2 400 2 36 Dark liquid. 801A-- Stearrc 1 284 1 18 Solid.

The following table presents specific illustration of compounds other than N-400 and its derivatives.

TABLE IV-A.OXYALKYLATED, THEN ACYLATED BRANCHED POLYAMINE Water Re Mols of moved Physical Example Name Acylating Wt. in Proper- Agent Grams ties Mols Wt. in Grams 10O3A Stearic 1 284 1 18 Solid. 11-0 11- Laurie 2 400 2 36 Viscous liquid. 11-OflA- Diglycolid. 1 134 1 18 D ark liquid 1 2-01A- Maleic an- 1 98 Viscous hydride. liquid 13-0111. Oleic 2 564 1 18 D0. 14-021 Linolei 1 280. 4 1 18 Do. 15O1A Tall oil 1 175 1 18 130. 16-03A- Abietic acid. 1 302 1 18 Solid. 17-OA Rieinoleic..- 1 298 1 18 Viscous liquid 18-011---- 2 564 2 36 D0. 20-O1A. l 256 1 18 Solid. 20-0 A- 2 457 2 36 D0. 21-O1A--- l 200 1 18 D0. 21-OaA- 2 568 2 36 Do. 22-OA 1 282 1 18 Viscous liquid 23-0111.-. Acetic 1 60 1 18 Do. 24-0211. Diphenolie. 1 286 1 18 D0. 25-0111- Tereph- 1 166 1 18 Solid.

thalie. 25-O4A. Naphthenic- 2 330 2 36 Viscous liquid. 25-O6A do 1 330 1.9 34 D0. 26OiA Benzoie 1 122 1 18 D0. 26-0211" Laurie 1 200 1. 8 32 Do.

HEAT TREATMENT OF OXYALKYLATED PRODUCTS The oxyalkylated products described herein, for example, those shown in Table II relating to oxyalkylated branched polyamines and those in Table III relating to oxyalkylated, prior acylated, branched polyamines can be heat treated to form useful compositions.

In general, the heat treatment is carried out at 200- 250 C. Under dehydrating conditions, Where reduced pressure and a fast flow of nitrogen is used, lower temperatures can be employed, for example 150200 C.

Water is removed during the reaction, such as by means of a side trap. Nitrogen passing through the reaction mixture and/or reduced pressure can be used to facilitate water removal.

The exact compositions cannot be depicted by the usual chemical formulas for the reason that the structures are subject to a wide variation.

The heat treatment is believed to result in the polymerization of these compounds and is eifected by heating same at elevated temperatures, generally in the neighborhood of 200-270 C., preferably in the presence of catalysts, such as sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sodium ethylate, sodium glycerate, or catalysts of the kind commonly employed in the manufacture of superglycerinated fats, calcium chloride, iron and the like. The proportion of catalyst employed may vary from slightly less than 0.1%, in some instances, to over 1% in other instances.

Conditions must be such as to permit the removal of water formed during the process. At times the process can be conducted most readily by permitting part of the volatile constituents to distill, and subsequently subjecting the vapors to condensation. The condensed volatile distillate usually contains water formed by reaction. The water can be separated from such condensed distillate by any suitable means, for instance, distilling with xylene, so as to carry over the water, and subsequently removing the xylene. The dried condensate is then returned to the reaction chamber for further use. In some instances, condensation can best be conducted in the presence of a high-boiling solvent, which is permitted to distill in such a manner as to remove the water of reaction. In any event, the speed of reaction and the character of the polymerized product depend not only upon the orginal reactants themselves, but also on the nature and amount of catalyst employed, on the temperature employed, the time of reaction, and the speed of water removal, i.e., the effectiveness with which the water of reaction is removed from the combining mass. Polymerization can be effected without the use of catalysts in some instances, but such procedure is generally undesirable, due to the fact that the reaction takes a prolonged period of time, and usually a significantly higher temperature. The use of catalyst such as iron, etc. fosters the reaction.

The following examples are presented to illustrate heat treatment. The symbol used to designate a heat treated oxyalkylated polyamine is OH and an acylated, oxyalkylated product is AOH. In all examples 500 grams of starting material and a temperature of 225-250 C. are employed.

Example 1O H A conventional glass resin vessel equipped with a stirrer and water trap is used. Five hundred grams of l-O are charged into the above resin vessel along with five grams of CaC-l The temperature is raised to 225250 C. and heated until 50 grams of water (2.8 mols) are evolved. This process takes 7.5 hours of heating. The product is an extremely viscous material at room temperature. However, upon warming slightly this product dissolves easily in water.

Example 2O H The process of the immediately previous example is repeated using 2-0 but substituting sodium methylate for calcium chloride. The product is a dark, viscous, water-soluble material.

Example 6-O H The process of Example 1O H is repeated using 6-0 but substituting powdered iron for calcium chloride.

TABLE V.HEAT TREATED (1) OXYALKYLATED AND (2) AOYLATED, OXYALKYLATED POLYAMINE N400 Water Removed Ex. Catalyst, Time in 5 grams Hours Wgt. Moles 1O3H.. C2012 50 2. 8 7. 5 1-0611 Iron 29 1.6 8. 5 58 3. 2 7. 5

63 3. 5 8.0 56 3. 1 9. 3 40 2. 2 10. l] 31 1.7 7. 5 61 3. 4 8.0 33 1. 8 6.8 63 3. 5 8. 0 3A Oi]1. Sodium 47 2. 6 8. 5

Methylate 7-A102H NaOH 27 1. 5 7. 5 9AsOsH CttOH 5O 2. 8 8. 0 llA1O1H. KOH 54 3. 0 8. 5

All of the above products are dark, viscous liquids.

The following table presents specific illustration of compounds other than N-400 and its derivatives.

TABLE VA.HEAT TREATED (l) OXYALKYLAIED AND (2) ACYLATED. OXYALKYLATED BRANCHED POLYAMINE Example Catalyst Wt. of Water Mols of H Time in grams) Removed Removed Hours OzH 31 1. 7 7. 5 61 3. 4 8. 0 33 1. 8 6. 8 63 3. 5 8. 0 47 2. 6 8. 5 27 1. 5 7. 5

50 2. 8 8.0 54 3. 0 8. 5 40 2. 2 10. 0 50 3. l 9. 3 63 3. 5 8. 0 58 3. 2 7. 5 29 1. 6 8. 5 50 2.8 7. 5 29 l. 6 8. 5 26-A102H.-- 63 3. 5 8.0 27A1O;H 33 1. 8 6. 8 31A1O2H 27 1. 5 7. 5 33-A101H... 50 2.8 8.0

All of the above products are dark, viscous liquids.

ALKYLATION Alkylation relates to the reaction of the branched polyamine and derivatives thereof with alkylating agents.

Any hydrocarbon halide, e.g. alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, aralkyl, etc., halide which contains at least one carbon atom and up to about thirty carbon atoms or more per molecule can be employed to alkylate the products of this invention. It is especially preferred to use alkyl halides having between about one to about eighteen carbon atoms per molecule. The halogen portion of the alkyl halide reactant molecule can be any halogen atom, i.e., chlorine, bromine, fluorine, and iodine. In practice, the alkyl bromides and chlorides are used, due to their greater commercial availability. Non-limiting examples of the alkyl halide reactant are methyl chloride; ethyl chloride; propyl chloride; n-butyl chloride; sec-butyl iodide; t-butyl fluoride; n-amyl bromide; isoamyl chloride; n-hexyl bromide; n-hexyl iodide; heptyl fluoride; Z-ethylhexyl chloride; n-octyl bromide; decyl iodide; dodecyl bromide; 7-e thyl-2-unethyl-undecyl iodide; tetradecyl bromide; hexadecyl bromide; hexadecyl fluoride; heptadecyl chloride; octadecyl bromide; docosyl chloride; tetracosyl iodide; hexacosyl bromide; octacosyl chloride; and triacontyl chloride. In addition, alkenyl halides can also be employed, for example, the alkenyl halides corresponding to the above examples. In addition, the halide may contain other elements besides carbon and hydrogen as, for example, where dichloroethylether is employed.

The alkyl halides can be chemically pure compounds or of commercial purity. Mixtures of alkyl halides, having carbon chain lengths falling within the range specified hereinbefore, can also be used. Examples of such mixtures are mono-chlorinated wax and mono-chlorinated kerosene. Complete instructions for the preparation of mono-chlorowax have been set forth in United States Patent 2,238,790.

Since the reaction between the alkyl halide reactant and the branched polyamine is a condensation reaction, or an alkylation reaction, characterized by the elimination of hydrogen halide, the general conditions for such reactions are applicable herein. It is preferable to carry out the reaction at temperatures of between about 100 and about 250 C., preferably between about 140 C. and about 200 C., in the presence of a basic material which is capable of reacting with the hydrogen halide to remove it. Such basic materials are, for example, sodium bicarbonate, sodium carbonate, pyridine, tertiary alkyl amines, alkali or alkaline earth metal hydroxides, and the like.

It is preferred to perform the reaction between the alkyl halide reactant and the branched polyamine reactant in a hydrocarbon solvent under reflux conditions. The aromatic hydrocarbon solvents of the benzene series are especially preferable. Non-limiting examples of the preferred solvent are benzene, toluene, and xylene. The amount of solvent used is a variable and non-critical factor. It is dependent on the size of the reaction vessel and on the reaction temperature selected. For example, it will be apparent that the amount of solvent used can be so great that the reaction temperature is lowered thereby.

The time of reaction between the alkyl halide reactant and the branched polyamine is dependent on the weight of the charge, the reaction temperature selected, and the means employed for removing the hydrogen halide from the reaction mixture. In practice, the reaction is continued until no more hydrogen halide is formed. In general, the time of reaction will vary widely such as between about four and about ten hours.

It can be postulated that the reaction between the alkyl halide reactant and the branched polyamine results in the formation of products where the alkyl group of the alkyl halide has replaced a hydrogen atom attached to a nitrogen atom. It is also conceivable that alkylation of an alkylene group of the branched polyamine can occur. However, the exact composition of any given reaction product cannot be predicted. For example, when two moles of butyl bromide are reacted with one mole of Polyamine N400, a mixture of mono-, diand triand higher N-alkylated products can be produced. Likewise, the alkyl groups can be substituted on different nitrogen atoms in different molecules of the branched polyamine.

Thus, the term Alkylation as employed herein and in the claims includes alkenylation, cycloalkenylation, aralkylation, etc., and other hydrocarbonylation as well as alkylation itself.

In general, the following examples are prepared by reacting the alkyl halide with the branched polyamine at the desired ratio in the presence of one equivalent of base for each equivalent HCl given off during the reaction. Water formed during the reaction is removed by distillation. Where the presence of the anions, such as chlorine, bromine, etc., is not material and salts and quaternary compounds are desired, no base is added.

The following examples are presented to illustrate the alkylation of the branched polyamines.

Example 5-K One mole of each of the following: tetradecylchloride, Polyamine N400, and sodium bicarbonate are placed in a reaction vessel equipped with a mechanical stirrer, a thermometer and a condenser reflux take-off for removal of water from the reaction as it is evolved in an azeotropic mixture of water and a hydrocarbon solvent. The reflux take-ofI is filled with xylene. The stirred reactants are heated to about C. whereupon an exothermic reaction causes the temperature to rise to about C. The reaction temperature is then increased to C. and held there for two hours. Then, xylene is added to the reaction vessel in an amount suflicient to cause a xylene reflux to take place at a temperature of ISO- C. The reaction is continued for six hours or until the theoretical amount of water is removed. Thereupon, an equal volume of xylene is added to the reaction mixture and the resultant solution is filtered. This filtrate is then evaporated under reduced pressure to yield a dark amber oil. No halogen was present in this product as evidenced by a negative Beilstein copper wire test.

Example 5-K X The above reaction is repeated except that no sodium bicarbonate is employed in the reaction. The reaction product contained chlorine.

The reactions shown in the following table are carried out in a similar manner. Each reaction in the table is carried out in two ways( 1) in the presence of base as in 5-K to yield the halogen-free alkylation product Table VI and (2) in the absence of base to yield halogen co taining products in the manner of 5K X Table VII 21 The alkylated products of this invention contain primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary amino groups.

TABLE VI.Cntinued By controlling the amount of alkylation agent employed Ratio, Moles ofAlkyl- Physical and the conditions of reaction, etc., one can control the v iggl gg ggigg gmf gg type and amount of alkylation. For example, by reaction Derivatives less than the stoichiometric amount of alkylation agent one could preserve the presence of nitrogen-bonded hydro- 2ethy1-hexyl chlo- 3:1 Viscous ride. liquid gen present on the molecule and by exhaustive alkylation 5:1 in the presence of sufficient basic material, one can form 3-K o 7:1 Do. more highly alkylated compounds. 2:1 gfg The moles of al kylating agent reacted with the branched ----do 3:1 Do. polyamine will depend on the number of alkylation reacif 'fg gg' i'fig 'd 22 3: tive positions contained therein as well as the number of q moles of alkylating agent one wishes to incorporate into :23 the molecule. Theoretically every hydrogen bonded to a Octadecyl chloride-" i=1 Semi-d nitrogen atom can be alkylated. We have advantageously do 3:1 reacted 1-10 moles of alkylating agent per moles of Poly- "N 4:1 Do. amine N-400, but preferably 1-6 moles. With Polyamine Benzyl chlonde m N-800 and N-lZOO, twice and three times as many moles n30 0 n 1 O of alkylating agent can be employed respectively, 1.e., with Anylochlorme 3:1 visicoqs Polyamme N800, 1-20 moles, preferably 1-12; W1th d Polyamine N-IZOO, 1-30 but preferably 118. Optimum g:::::::: 8; alkylation will depend on the particular application. Dodgeenyl chloride" s In addition, the alkyl halide may contain functional 2155 groups. For example, chloroacetic acid can be reacted S with the branched polyamines to yield a compound conid enzy c 04 0 1 taining carboxylic acid groups -3 g 33- O 2 PN-CH2COOH 1,4-dichlorobutene-2. 1:2 vi g i f wherein P :is the residue of the polyamine. ::::gg:::::"::: B3;

In addition, the branched polyamine can be alkylated 1,4- xyly1enedich1o- 1:2 Do. with an alkyl halide such as alkyl chloride and then re- 12%;: fgi' 3:1 Do. acted with chloroacetic acid to yield an alkylated poly- 1 0 5:1 130. amine containing carboXylic acid groups f j gffiffifjfff jff Z:

.do 5:1 Semi- B 1111 d s 1 s i r i 12H2a- )n (CHzCOH)n or on e 9 Mthlh1d L ud.

The symbol employed to designate an alkylated polyi i fi fiii fi ii amine is K. Where the product is a salt or a quaternary Ethylene dichloride 132 13 the symbol 1S KX. 5-01AK 1,4-dich1orobui ;ene-2 4:1 D0.

TABLE VL ALKYLATED PRODUCTS l-AAOZK Dodecyl chlorldmufl 3:1 se igi 7-A 0 K -A1n 1b d 4:1 Viscous Ratio, Moles of Alkyl- Physical l 1 n y mm 9 liquid. Ex. Alkylating atmg Agent/Mole of Proper- 1,4-xylylene dichlo- 3:1 Do.

Agent Polyamine400 or ties ride.

Derivatives Methyl chloride 6:1 Liquid. Dichlorodiethylether. 4: 1 Viscous1 l 111 1-K1 Butyl chloride 1:1 vi scou s 1l-A O HK do 4:1 in.

mm 14K: do 3:1 D0. 14% do 5:1 D0. 31%: f bromdem" B3: The following table presents specific illustration of compounds other than N-400 and its derivatives.

TABLE VIA.-ALKYLATED PRODUCTS Ratio, Mols of Branched Alkylating Agent Per Physical Example Polyamme Alkylating Agent Mol Branched Prop- Polyamine or erties Derivatives Benzyl chloride- 2:1 Viscous liqu' do 3:1 Do. do 5:1 Do.

Dichlorodiethylether. 1: 1 Semisolid. .do 3:1 D0. Allyl chloride 1:1 Viscous liquid. do 2:1 Do. do 1 3:1 Do. Butyl chloride 1:1 Do. do 3:1 Do. do 5:1 Do. Methyl chlorid 6:1 D0. n-Amyl bromide. 3:1 Do. Dodecenyl chloride- 1:1 D0. Dimcthyl sulfate 2:1 Do. Dichlorodiethylether- 1: 1 D o. Allyl chloride 2:1 D0. Octadecyl chloride- 3:1 Do. n-Amyl bromide- 1:1 Do. Benzyl chloride 2:1 D0. 14-02HK N1200 Dichloropentane 1:1 Do. 25-A1OgHK N1200 Methyl chloride 1:1 Do.

TABLE VIL-SAL'I AND QUATERNARY PRODUCTS OF ALKYLATED N-400 AND DERIVATIVES Ratio, Moles of Physical Ex. Alkylating Agent Alkylating Agent/ of Prop- Polyamine N400 erties or derivative Butyl chloride 1:1 Viscous liquid. 3:1 Do. ..--.do 5:1 Do.

n-Amyl bromide.- 2:1 D0. ..--.do 4:1 Do. .---.do 6:1 Do. 2-ethyl-hexyi ohlo- 3:1 Do.

ride. .---.do 5:1 Do. .do 7:1 Do.

Dodeoyl chloride.... 2: 1 Semisolid. (in 3:1 Solid. ..-..do 5:1 Do.

Tetradecyl chloride. 1:1 Sem 1- solid. ..-.-do 3:1 Solid.

..do 6:1 Do. Octadecyl chloride. 1 1 Do. 3:1 Do. .do 4:1 Do.

Benzyl chloride. 1:1 Semisolid. ..-..do 5:1 Do. ...--d 3:1 Do. Allyl 3: 1 Viscous liquid. do 4:1 Do. do 6:1 Do. Dodecenyl chloride.. 1 1 Semisolid. .....do 3:1 Solid.

(in 5:1 D0. Dodecylbenzyl 2:1 Do.

chloride.

4:1 D0. o 5:1 Do. 1,4-dichlorobutene-2- 1:2 Viscous liquid. -..do 2:1 Do.

do 3:1 Do. 1,4-xylylcne dichlo- 1:2 Do.

ride.

3:1 D0. 5:1 Do. Dichlorodiethyl- 1: 1 Do.

ether. .-...do 8:1 Semisolid. -..do 5:1 Solid.

Benzylehloride 8:1 Do. Methyl chloride. 6: 1 Liquid. Dimethylsuliate-...- 4:1 Viscous liquid. 2-O1AKX..-.- Ethylene dichloride. 2:1 Do. 5-O1AKX.-." 1,4-dichlorbutener2" 4:1 Do. 1-A4OaKX- Dodecyl chloride-... 3:1 Semlr-d so 1 7.A1O1KX..-- n-Amylbromide. 4:1 Viscous liquid 4O HKX.-.-- 1,4-gaylylene dichlo- 3:1 Do.

in e. 5O:HKX Methyl ehloride.---- 6:1 Do. 7A1OZHKX. Dichlorodiethyl- 4: 1 Sem ether. solid. 11A1O1HKX- --..do 4:1 Do.

The following table presents specific illustration of compounds other than N-400 and its derivatives.

TABLE VIIA.SALT AND QUATERNARY PRODUCTS OF 1T\%V]EYSLATED BRANOHED POLYAMINE AND DERIVA-.

Ratio of Alkylating Physical Example Alkylating Agent Agent/oi Polyamine Properor Derivative ties Ethylene dichloride. 2: 1 Solid. n-Arnyl bromide-. 3:1 Do. Dichlorodiethyl- 4: 1 D 0.

other. Dimethyl sulfate.- 3:1 Do. Methyl chloride..--. 2:1 Do. 1,4-xylene diohlo- 5:1 D0.

ride. Dodecylbenzyl 8: 1 Semichloride. solid. 1,4-dichlorobutene-2- 3: 1 Do. Benzyl chloride..." 4:1 Do. Methyl chloride..... 3:1 Do. Ethylene dichloride. 2:1 Do. Dodeoyl chloride.-.. 1:1 Do. Dichlorodiethyl- 1 1 Solid.

ether. Benzyl chloride".-. 3:1 Do. ..---do..--. 2:1 Do. -do 1:1 Do. Methyl chlori e- 5:1 Do. ..--.do..--..- 4:1 Do. .do 3:1 D0v Dichlorodiethyl- 3:1 D0.

ether. 14O1HKX ..---do 2:1 Do. 25-ArOzHKX. --.--do 1:1 Do.

ALKYLATED THEN ACYLATION The alkylated material prepared above can be further treated with acylating agent where residual acylatable amino groups are still present on the molecule. The acylation procedure is essentially that described above wherein carboxylic acids react with the alkylated polyamine under dehydrating conditions to form amides and cyclic amidines. The product depends on the ratio of moles of water removed for each carboxylic acid group, i.e., 1 mole water/ 1 mole carboxylic essentially amides; more than 1 mole water/1 mole carboxylic acid group, essentially cyclic amidines, such as imidazolines.

Such compounds are illustrated in the following table. The symbol employed to designated alkylated acylated products is KA and acylated, alkylated, acylated products is AKA.

TABLE VIII.-AOYLATED, PRIOR ALKYLATED BRANCHED POLYAMINES Moles of Acylat- Moles Ex. Aoylatlng Agent ing Agent/Mole Wgt. Water Physical of N400 or Removed Properties Derivative Oleic 2 564 3. 1 Viscous liquid. Stearic- 3 852 3.0 Solid. Laur e. 2 400 2. 8 Viscous liquid. Palmitic 3 769 4. 1 Do. Drmenc 1 600 2. 2 Do. AlkenylfCiz) 1 266 0. 5 Solid.

succinlc anhydrid 1 282 1. 7 Viscous liquid. 2 564 3.1 Do. 2 400 2. 8 Do. Ricinoleic 2 598 3.0 Do. Oleic 1 282 1. 5 Do. 3A3KA1.. Alkenyl (C1z) 1 266 Solid.

succimc anhydride. 3-A3KA2 Ole1c 1 282 1. 5 Viscous liquid.

free, to eliminate undesirable side reactions. temperature, slowly add 5 3 grams of acrylonitrile (1 mol).

TABLE VIIIA.--AOYLATED, PRIOR ALKYLATED BRANOHED POLYAMINE Mols of Acylating Wt. of Mols of Physical Example Acylating Agent Agent/M01 of Acylating Water Proper- Polyamine or Agent Removed ties Derivative Used 1 200 1. 1 Solid. 3 894 3. Do. 2 564 3. Do. 2 512 2. 0 Do. 1 568 1. 0 Do. 1 282 1. 0 Do. 2 560 2.0 Do. 1 60 1. 5 Do. 1 134 1. 0 Do. 2 196 Do. A O HKA-- Olelc 1 282 1. 5 Do.

OLEFINATION 25 The reaction proceeds smoothly without the aid of a (Olefination relates to the reaction of the polyamine and derivatives with olefins) The compositions of this invention, including the branched polyamine itself as well as reaction products thereof containing active hydrogens, can be reacted with unsaturated compounds, particularly com-pounds containing activated double bonds, so as to add the polyamine across the double bonds as illustrated herein:

Where the compound contains an additional active hydrogen, other unsaturated molecules can be added to the original molecule for example:

Where one or more active hydrogens are present at another reactive site, the following reaction could take place:

The reaction is carried out in the conventional manner such as illustrated, for example, in Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Wagner and look (Wiley, 1953), page 673.

Non-limiting examples of unsaturated compounds which can be reacted with the polyamine and derivatives thereof including the followingacrylonitrile, acrylic and methacrylic acids and esters, crotonic acid and esters, cinnamic acid and esters, styrene, styrene derivatives and related compounds, butadiene, vinyl ethers, vinyl ketones, maleic esters, vinyl sulfones, etc.

In addition, the polyamine and derivative thereof containing active hydrogens can be used to prepare telomers of polymer prepared from vinyl monomers.

The following are examples of olefination. The symbol employed to designate olefination is U and alkylation, olefination KU.

Example 1U The olefination reaction is carried out in the usual glass resin apparatus. Since the reaction is that of a double bond with an active hydrogen, no water is eliminated. The reaction is relatively simple, as shown by the following example:

Charge 400 grams of N400 (1 mol) into glass resin apparatus. Care should be taken that the N-40O is watercatalyst. Warm gently to -100 C. and stir for one hour.

Example 6-U To 800 grams of N-400 (2 mols) in 800 grams of xylene, add 124 grams of divinyl sulfone (1 mole) at room temperature. This. reaction is exothermic and care must be taken to prevent an excessive rise in temperature which would cause cross-linking and insolubilization.

Example 3O U Same reactions as Example 1-U except that 1 mol of methyl acrylate is substituted for acrylonitrile and 3-0 is substituted for the N400. Part of this product is thereupon saponified with sodium hydroxide to form the fatty amino acid salt.

Further examples of the reaction are summarized in the following table:

TABLE IX.0LEFINATION Moles of Olefin/ Compound Olefin Mole of Polyamine Time Temp era- N-400 or Polyamine ture, O.

N400 Derivative Acrylonitrile---. 1/1 1 hr- 80-100 Methyl meth- 1/1 1 hr 80-100 acrylate ..d0 3/1 1 hr 80-100 Ethyl cinna- 1/1 2 hrs... 120

mate. Ethyl crotonate. 1/1 2 hrs. 120 Dl-gtltyl male- 1/1 2 hrs--- 150 a e. Divinyl sullone- 1/2 30 min- Styrene l/l 30 min- 90 -do.-. 3/1 30 min. 90 Lauryl meth- 3/1 1 hr 120 acrylate. 9-U Divinyl sulfone- 1/2 30 min- 90 4-AaU1.-.. Methyl meth- 1/1 1 hr acrylate. 4A3Uz Divinyl sullone- 1/2 90 6K1U- Acrylonitrile. 2/1 7 0 1/1 90 Ill 90 1/1 90 1/1 90 Ill 90 1/1 90 1"O3KU- 1/1 90 At room TABLE IX-A.OLEFINATION Schifis base is present on the branched amino group rather than on the terminal amino group, etc.

Mols of Olefin/M01 Branched t Branched Poly- Temp., Example Polyamine Olefin amine or Branched Time 0.

Polyamine Derivative Aerylonitrile 1: 1 hr. 80-100 Styrene 1 1 hr. 80-100 Divinyl sulione 1 :1 hr- 80-100 Di-oetylmaleate... 1: 1 hr- 125 Acrylonitrile 2:1 0 min- 80-100 Methy1aerylate.. 1 :1 min 80100 Ethyl erotonate-.. 2: 1 30 min 120 Divinyl sulfone- 2:1 30 min- 120 Ethyl einnamate.. 1 1 2 hrs. 120 Di-octyl maleate. 1 1 2 hrs. 120 Methyl meth- 1:1 1 hr. 100

acrylate. Styrene 2:1 1 hr.. 100 Acrylonitrile 2: 1 1 hr- 100 Ethyl cinnarnate.. 1:1 1 hr 110 Ethyl erotonate--. 1: 1 2 hrs. 120 Divinyl sulfone. 2:1 1 hr- 80 Lauryl meth- 3:1 2 hrs..- 130 acrylate. Aerylonitrile 1:1 1 hr- 90 Divinyl sulfone-.- 1:1 1 hr 90 Styrene 4:1 1 hr 90 33A101KU do 2:1 1 hr-. 90 25-A1O1HKU.-. ..do 1:1 1 hr-. 90

CARBONYLATION A wide variety of aldehyde may be employed such as (Carbonylation relates to the reaction of the branched polyamine and derivatives with aldehydes and ketones) HO OH Lesser molar ratios of aldehyde to polyamine would yield mono or di- Schiffs base rather than a tri Schitfs base such as and other isomeric configurations, such as where the aliphatic, aromatic, cycloaliphatic, heterocyclic, etc., including substituted derivatives such as those containing aryloxy, halogen, heterocyclic, amino, nitro, cyano, carboxyl, etc. groups thereof. Non-limiting examples are the following:

A ldehydes Benzaldehyde Z-methylbenzaldehyde S-methylbenzaldehyde 4-methylbenzaldehyde Z-methoxybenzaldehyde 4-methoxybenzaldehyde a-naphthaldehyde b-naphthaldehyde 4-phenylbenzaldehyde Propionaldehyde n-Butyraldehyde Heptaldehyde Aldol Z-hydroxybenzaldehyde 2-hydroxy-6-methylbenzaldehyde 2-hydroxy-3 -methoxybenzaldehyde 2-4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde 2-6-dihydroxybenzaldehyde 2-hydroxynaphthaldehyde-1 1-hydroXynaphthaldehyde-2 Anthrol-Z-aldehyde-l Z-hydroxyfluorene-aldehyde-1 4-hydroXydiphenyl-aldehyde-3 3-hydroxyphenanthrene-aldehyde-4 1-3-dihydroxy-2-4dialdehydebenzene Z-hydroxy-5-chlorobenzaldehyde 2-hydroxy-3 S-dibromobenzaldehyde Z-hydroxy-3-nitrobenzaldehyde 2-hydroxy-3-cyanobenzaldehyde 2-hydroxy-3-carboxybenzaldehyde 4-hydroxypyridine-aldehyde-B 4-hydroxyquinoline-aldehyde-3 7-hydroxyquinoline-aldehyde-8 Formaldehyde Glyoxal Glyceraldehyde Schifis bases are prepared with the polyamines of this invention in a conventional manner such as described in Synthetic Organic Chemistry by Wagner and Zook (1953, Wiley), pages 728-9.

Where more extreme conditions are employed, the products may be more complex wherein the carbonyl reactant instead of reacting intramolecularly in the case of Schitfs base may react intermolecularly so as to act as a bridging means between two or more polyamino compounds, thus increasing the molecular weight of the polyamine as schematically shown below in the case Where formaldehyde is the carbonyl compound:

In addition to increasing the molecular weight by means of aldehydes, these compounds result in the formation of cyclic compounds. Probably both molecular weight increase and cyclization occur during the reaction.

The following examples illustrate the reaction of carbonyl compounds with branched polyamines. The symbol employed to designate carbonylation is C, acylation, carbonylation AC, and alkylation, carbonylation LKC-7I Example 1-C Charge 400 grams of N-400 and 400 grams of xylene into a conventional glass resin apparatus fitted with a stirrer, thermometer and side-arm trap. Raise temperature to 120 C. and slowly add 122 grams of salicylaldehyde (1 mol). Hold at this temperature for 2 hours. Vacuum is then applied until all xylene is stripped Off. The reaction mass is a thick dark liquid which is soluble in water.

Example 6-C Using the same apparatus as above, charge 400 grams of N-400. While stirring, add slowly at room temperature 82 grams of 37% aqueous formaldehyde (1 mol of HCHO). This reaction is exothermic and the temperature must be controlled with an ice bath. After the exothermic reaction has ceased, raise temperature to 100 C. The reaction mass may be stopped at this point. It is a viscous water-soluble material. However, it is possible to continue heating under vacuum until all of the water has been eliminated. Cross-linking occurs with this procedure and care must be taken to prevent insolubilization.

Further examples of this reaction are summarized in the "following table:

TABLE X.CARBONYLATION Compound Aldehyde M01. Temp., Time Ratio C.

1-01 Salicylaldehyde 1/1 120 2 hrs. 1-02 do 2/1 120 2 hrs. l-C; 3/1 120 2 hrs. 2-01 -methxy- 1/1 130 4 hrs.

benzaldehyde. 2-02 "do 2/1 130 4 hrs. 3/1 130 4 hrs. o 5/1 130 4 hrs. 3C1 Benzaldehyde. 1/1 110 1 hr. 8-02- 0 2/1 110 1 hr. 3-0;- 0.. 3/1 110 1 hr. 4-C Acetaldehyd 3/1 90 2 hrs. 5-C Heptaldehyde. 3/1 130 5 hrs. 6-0"..- Formaldehyde 3/1 2 hrs. 7C Glyoxal 2/1 100 1 hr. 8C Glyceraldehyden 2/1 135 3 hrs. 9-C Furfuraldehyde 2/1 150 1 hr.

1/1 120 2 hrs. 1/1 120 2 hrS. l/1 120 2 hrs. 2/1 120 2 hrs.

1 Start 25 0., raise to 100 C.

The following table presents specific illustration of compounds other than N400 and its derivatives.

TABLE X-A.OARBONYLATION Compound Branched Aldehyde M01. Temp., Time Polyamine Ratio C.

N800 Formaldehyde" 2:1 1 hour 800 do 1:1 80 Do. N-800 do 0. 5:1 80 D0. N1200 Acct-aldehyde." 2:1 D0. N-1200 do 1:1 100 D0. N1200 .do 0. 5:1 100 D0. Salicylaldehyde. 3:1 Do. dn 2:1 120 D0. do 1:1 120 D0. Benzaldehyde-.- 3:1 110 Do. (1 2:1 110 D0. 1:1 110 Do. 1:1 105 D0. 0. 5:1 105 D0. 0.- 25:1 105 Do. 1:1 2110mm 0. 5:1 130 Do 1:1 80 1 hour 12-O1HUC... 0. 5:1 80 Do The examples presented above are non-limiting examples. It should be clearly understood that various other combinations, order of reactions, reaction ratios, multiplicity of additions, etc. can be employed. Where additional reactive groups are still present on the molecule, the reaction can be repeated with either the original reactant or another reactant.

The type of compound prepared is evident from the letters assigned to the examples. Thus, taking the branched polyamine as the starting material, the following example designations have the following meaning:

Example designation: Meaning (1) A Acylated. (2) A0 Acylated, then oxyalkylated. (3) AOA Acylated, then oxyalkylated,

then acrylated. (4) AOH Acylated, then oxyalkylated,

then heat treated. (5) AX Salt or quaternary of (1). (6) AOX Salt or quaternary of (2). (7) AOAX Salt or quaternary of (3). (8) AOHX Salt or quaternary of (4). (9) O Oxyalkylated. (10) 0A Oxyalkylated, then acylated. (11) OH Oxyalkylated, then heat treated. (12) K Alkylated. (13) KX Salt or quaternary of (12). (14) KA Alkylated, then acylated. (15) AK Acylated, then alkylated. (16) AKX Salt or quaternary of (15). (17) OK oxyalkylated, then alkylated. (18) OKX Salt or quaternary of (17). (19) C Carbonylated. (20) AC Acylated, then carbonylated. (21) KC Alkylated, then carbonylated. (22) CO Carbonylated, then oxyalkylated. (23) U Olefinated. (24) AU Acylated, then olefinated. (25) KU Alkylated, then olefinated. (26) KUX Salt or quaternary of (25).

USE AS A CHELATING AGENT This phase of the invention relates to the use of the compounds of our invention as chelating agents and to the chelates thus formed.

Chelation is a term applied to designate cyclic structures arising from the combination of metallic atoms with organic or inorganic molecules or ions. Chelates are very important industrially because one of the unusual features of the chelate ring compounds is their unusual stability in which respect they resemble the aromatic rings of organic chemistry. Because of the great aflinity of chelating compounds for metals and because of the great stability of the chelates they form, they are very important industrially.

aasaesv The compositions of this invention are excellent chelating agents. They are particularly suitable for forming chelates of great stability with a wide variety of metals.

Chelating metals comprise magnesium, aluminum, arsenic, antimony, chromium, iron, cobalt, nickel, palladium, and platinum. Particularly preferred of such metals as chelate constituents are iron, nickel, copper and cobalt.

The chelates formed from the compositions of our invention are useful as bactericidal and fungicidal agents, particularly in th case of the copper chelates. In addition the chelates can be employed to stabilize hydrocarbon oils against the deleterious effects of oxidation.

In general, these chelates are prepared by adding a sufiicient amount of a metal salt to combine with a compound of this invention. They are prepared by the general method described in detail by Hunter and Marriott in the Journal of the Chemical Society (London), 1937, 2000, which relates to the formation of chelates from metal ions and salicylidene i-mines.

The following examples are illustrative of the preparation of the chelates.

Example 8-A To a solution of 0.1 mole of the chelating agent of Example 8-A in alcohol is added 0.1 mole of cupric acetate monohydrate. After most of the alcohol is evaporated, a green solid precipitates which analysis indicates to be the copper chelate.

Example 6-K The above procedure is used except the cobaltous acetate tetrahydrate is employed to yield a red solid which analysis indicates to be the cobaltous chelate.

Example 4A C The above procedure is used except that nickelous acetate, Ni(OAC) .4H O is employed. A dark green product is formed.

To save repetitive detail, chelates are formed from the above nickel, cobalt and copper salts, and the compounds shown in the following table.

CHELATING AGENTS This phase of the invention relates to the use of the products of the present invention in preventing, breaking or resolving emulsions of the water-in-oil type, and particularly petroleum emulsions. Their use provides an economical and rapid process for resolving petroleum emulsions of the water-in-oi-l type that are commonly referred to as cut oil, roily oil, emulsified oil, .etc., and which ppmprise fine droplets of naturally- 32 occurring Waters or brines dispersed in a more or less permanent state throughout the oil which constitutes the continuous phase of the emulsion.

They also provide an economical and rapid process for separating emulsions which have been prepared under controlled conditions from mineral oil, such as crude oil and relatively soft waters or weak brines. Controlled emulsification and subsequent demulsification, under the conditions just mentioned, are of significant value in removing impurities, particularly inorganic salts, from pipeline oil (i.e., desalting).

Demulsification, as contemplated in the present application, includes the preventive step of comrningling the demulsifier with the aqueous component which would or might subsequently become either phase of the emulsion in the absence of such precautionary measure. Similarly, such demulsifier may be mixed with the hydrocarbon component.

These demulsifying agents employed in the treatment of oil field emulsions are used as such, or after dilution with any suitable solvent, such as water, petroleum hydrocarbons, such as benzene, toluene, xylene, tar acid oil, cresol, anthracene oil, etc. Alcohols, particularly aliphatic alcohols such as methyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol, denatured alcohol, pnopyl alcohol, butyl alcohol, hexyl alcohol, octyl alcohol, etc., are often employed as diluents. Similarly, the material or materials employed as the demulsifying agents of this process are often admixed with one or more of the solvents customarily used in connection with conventional demulsifying agents. Moreover, said material or materials are often used alone or in admixture with other suitable well-known classes of demulsifying agents.

These demulsifying agents are useful in a water-soluble form, or in an oil-soluble form, or in a form exhibiting both oil and water-solubility. Sometimes they are used in a form which exhibit relatively limited oil-solubility. However, since such reagents are frequently used in a ratio of 1 to 10,000, or 1 to 20,000 or 1 to 30,000, or even 1 to 40,000, or 1 to 50,000, as in desalting practice, such an apparent insolubility in oil and Water is not significant, because said reagents undoubtedly have solubility within such concentrations.

In practicing the process for resolving petroleum emulsions of the water-in-oil type, a treating agent or demulsifying agent of the kind above described is brought into contact with or caused to act upon the emulsion to be treated, in any of the various apparatus now generally used to resolve or break petroleum emulsions with a chemical reagent, the above procedure being used alone or in combination with other demulsifying procedure, such as the electrical dehydration process.

One type of procedure is to accumulate a volume of emulsified oil in a tank and conduct a batch treatment type of demulsification procedure to recover clean oil. In this procedure the emulsion is admixed with the demulsifier, for example by agitating the tank of emulsion and slowly dripping demulsifier into the emulsion. In some cases mixing is achieved by heating the emulsion while dripping in the demulsifier, depending upon the convection currents in the emulsion to produce satisfactory admixture. In a third modification of this type of treatment, a circulating pump withdraws emulsion from, e.g. the bottom of the tank, and re-introduces it into the top of the tank, the demulsifier being added, for example, at the suction side of said circulating pump.

In second type of treating procedure, the demulsifier is introduced into the well fluids at the well-head or at some point between the well-head and the final oil storage tank, by means of an adjustable proportioning mechanism or proportioning pump. Ordinarily the flow of fluids through the subsequent lines and fittings sufiices to produce the desired degree of mixture of demulsifier and emulsion, although in some instances additional mixing devices may be introduced into the flow system.

In this general procedure, the system may inc ude various mechanical devices for withdrawing free water, separating entrained water, or accomplishing quiescent settling of the chemicalized emulsion. Heating devices may likewise be incorporated in any of the treating procedures described herein.

A third type of application (down-the-hole) of demulsifier to emulsion is to introduce the demulsifier either periodically or continuously in diluted or undiluted form into the Well and to allow it to come to the surface with the well fluids, and then to flow the chemicalized emulsion through any desirable surface equipment, such as employed in the other treating procedures. This particular type of application is decidedly useful when the demulsifier is used in connection with acidification of calcerous oil-bearing strata, especially if suspended in or dissolved in the acid employed for acidification.

In all cases, it will be apparent from the foregoing description, the broad process consists simply in introducing a relatively small proportion of demulsifier into a relatively large proportion of emulsion, admixing the chemical and emulsion either through natural flow or through special apparatus, with or without the application of heat, and allowing the mixture to stand quiescent until the desirable water content of the emulsion separates and settles from the mass.

The following is a typical installation:

A reservoir to hold the demulsifier of the kind described (diluted or undiluted) is placed at the Well-head where the effluent liquids leave the Well. This reservoir or container, which may vary from gallons to 50 gallons for convenience, is connected to a proportioning pump which injects the demulsifier drop-wise into the fluids leaving the well. Such chemicalized fluids pass through the flow-line into a settling tank. The settling tank consists of a tank or any convenient size, for instance, one which will hold amounts of fluid produced in 4 to 24 hours (500 barrels to 2000 barrels capacity), and in which there is a perpendicular conduit from the top of the tank to almost the very bottom so as to permit the incoming fluids to pass from the top of the settling tank to the bottom, so that such incoming fluids do not disturb stratification which takes place during the course of demulsification. The settling tank has two outlets, one being below the water level to drain off the water resulting from demulsification or accompanying the emulsion as free water, the other being an outlet at the top to permit the passage of dehydrated oil to a second tank, being a storage tank, which holds pipeline or dehydrated oil. If desired, the conduit or pipe which serves to carry the fluids from the well to the settling tank may include a section of pipe with baifles to serve as a mixer, to insure thorough distribution of the demulsifier throughout the fluids, or a heater for raising the temperature of the fluids to some convenient temperature, for instance, 120 to 160 F., or both heater and mixer.

Demulsification procedure is started by simply setting the pump so as to feed a comparatively large ratio of demulsifier, for instance, 1:5,000. As soon as a complete break or satisfactory demulsification is obtained, the pump is regulated until experience shows that the amount of demulsifier being added is just suflicient to produce clean or dehydrated oil. The amount being fed at such stage is usually 1210,000; 1215,000, 1:20,000, or the like. However, with extremely diflicult emulsions higher concentrations of demulsifier can be employed.

In many instances the products herein specified as demulsifiers can be conveniently used without dilution. However, as previously noted, they may be diluted s desired with any suitable solvent. Selection of the solvent will vary depending upon the solubility characteristics of the product, and, of course, will be dictated in part by economic consideration, i.e., cost. The products herein described are useful not only in diluted form but also admixed with other chemical demulsifiers.

I absolutely bright, haze-free oil in the top layer, yields little or no interphasal sludge, and has little if any oil in the water phase.

The following examples show results obtained in the resolution of crude petroleum emulsions obtained from various sources.

EXAMPLES These compounds have been tested on water-in-oil emulsions from many areas. The emulsions were selected on the basis that they were particularly resistant to treatment. For testing procedure see US. Patent 2,626,929 to DeGroote.

Compound 5-0 was field tested at the Union Pacific Oil Company, Tank Farm #3, Long Beach Harbor, California. Under field conditions one part of demulsifier resolved approximately 20,000 parts of emulsion. This compound was particularly effective in the presence of a high amount of free water produced with the emulsion. The demulsified oil was bright and clean. The discarded water from the lease was also very clean.

Similarly, demulsification is effected by employing the compounds shown in the following table on emulsions taken from the following leases:

(1) Shell Oil Company, Ventura, California, Taylor Lease containing 25% emulsion which breaks to 15% water.

(2) Texas Oil Co., Oxnard, California. State Lease. This is an 11 API which produces oil which contains an unusually diflicnlt emulsion. When demulsified it was found to contain 40% water.

(3) General Petroleum Company, Wilmington, California, Isco Lease, 45% water.

(4) Richfield Oil Co., Cuyama, California, Russel Ranch Unit, 25% water.

(5) Signal-Hancock Oil Company, Huntington Beach Wash Tank #3, 30% water.

' Demulsification was also eifective in other areas such as in Texas, Oklahoma, Illinois, the Rocky Mountain States, Wyoming, etc.

The following compositions are exemplary of effective demulsifiers.

PETROLUEM WATER-IN-OIL 'a P '03 PETROLEUM WATER-IN-OIL DEMULSIFIERS Compound 11-O A 12O HU 17-OA -0 25-O A 1 1-C 25-A O H 26-A O C 10-O K PREVENTION OF EMULSIONS IN OILS DURING TRANSIT Because of their demulsification properties the compounds of this invention are also useful in preventing the formation of emulsions during transit.

Often oil which meets specifications when shipped arrives emulsified at its destination when extraneous water becomes mixed with the oil during transit through pipe lines, storage in tanks during transportation in seagoing tankers and the like.

For example, as is well known in a number of places where petroleum is produced containing a minimum amount of foreign matter and is completely acceptable for refinery purposes prior to shipment, it is not acceptable after a shipment has been made, for instance, thousands of miles by tanker. The reason is that an empty tanker employs sea water for ballast prior to reloading and it is almost impossible to remove all ballast sea water before the next load starts. In some instances a full tanker may use sea water for ballast also. In other instances, due to seepage, etc., contamination takes place. The rolling or rocking effect of the sea voyage seems to give all the agitation required. It is to be noted that the emulsion, generally a water-in-oil type, so produced is characterized by the fact that the dispersed phase is sea water.

Typical examples are shipments of oil from the Near East to Japan, Australia, etc, and various quantities shipped to the west coast of the U.S.A. and, for that matter, to the east coast of the USA.

The presence of water in petroleum distillate fuels often results in emulsion formation especially when such watercontaining fuels are subjected to agitation or other conditions promoting emulsification. Unless such emulsion formation is retarded or emulsions that have been formed are resolved so as to permit separation of water from the fuel, the water entering the fuel system deleteriously affects the performance of the system, particularly mechanisms therein of ferrous metals with which the water-containing fuel comes into contact.

As an example, serious difficulties arise in marine operations when salt water, in amounts even as low as 0.01% by weight of a diesel fuel, enters diesel engines. The presence of water in the fuel enhances emulsification thereof and some of the emulsion normally passes through filtering media in the same manner as the fuel that has not been emulsified and, as a result, rapid engine failures often occur. Such failures are often due to corrosion of metal surfaces, as is manifested by surface pitting and formation of fatigue cracks on machined parts, to deleterious effects on fuel injectors resulting in broken or completely disintegrated check valve springs, to promotion of seizure of plungers in bushings and general corrosion of metal surfaces that are contacted by the water-containing fuel. Accordingly, the presence of water in petroleum distillate fuels, and particularly in diesel fuels, is highly undesirable and means are generally employed to separate the water, often in emulsified form, from the fuel. When the water present in the fuel is in emulsified form, one method for treating the emulsion to prevent water from entering the system is to break the emulsion and separate water from the fuel. As manufactured, petroleum distillates suitable for use as fuels are normally water free or contain not more than a trace of water and, hence, such distillates per se present little, if any, difiiculty from emul- 36 sification unless extraneous water becomes admixed therewith.

In illustration reference is made to a current Navy department specification for diesel fuels which, in listing the chemical and physical requirements for conformance therewith, sets forth that the diesel fuels must not contain more than a trace, as a maximum, of water and sediment. Nevertheless, and in the handling of such fuels through pipelines, storage thereof in tanks, and during transportation such as in seagoing tankers, extraneous water oftentimes becomes admixed with the fuel thereby providing difiiculties inclusive of those aforesaid.

Oil in transit can be effectively inhibited against emulsification by adding a small amount, i.e., sufiicient to substantially reduce the tendency of the fuel to emulsify, of the demulsifiers described above.

In practicing this phase of the invention, the contemplated demulsifiers may be added in desired amounts to a fuel oil that has emulsified as a result of water having become admixed therewith or may be added to a fuel oil to suppress emulsification thereof when such oils are subsequently exposed to conditions promoting emulsification by admixture of water therewith. For such purposes, the demulsifiers of the present invention may be employed per se, in mixtures thereof, or in combination with a suitable vehicle e.g., a petroleum fraction, to form a concentrated solution or dispersion for addition to the fuels to be treated. For example, when it is desired to add the demulsifying agent in the form of a concentrated solution or dispersion, it is preferable that such a solution or dispersion be prepared by employing a vehicle that is compatible with and does not deleteriously affect the performance of the petroleum distillate fuel to be treated. Hence, particularly suitable vehicles for preparing concentrated solutions or dispersions of the demulsifying agents include petroleum fractions similar to or identical to the petroleum distillate fuel to be treated in accordance with this invention.

In illustration, such concentrates may comprise a petroleum distillate or other suitable liquid hydrocarbon in admixture with a demulsifier as embodied herein and wherein the demulsifier is present in an amount of about 10 to 75% or higher but preferably to based on the weight of the concentrate. As specific illustrations such concentrates may comprise a suitable hydrocarbon vehicle, e.g., diesel fuels, kerosenes, semi-aromatic fractions and other mineral oil fractions, in which there is dissolved or dispersed a demulsifier in amounts varying from about 10 to by Weight of the concentrate, and, in still more specific illustration, a suitable concentrate comprising about 50% by weight of demulsifier in admixture with a petroleum hydrocarbon.

In practice, the general procedure is either to add the compound of this invention at the refinery or at the loading dock using a proportional pump. The pumping device adds the product so that it is entirely mixed and thus insures that the cargo oil meets all the required specifications on arrival.

The amount of active emulsion preventive added will vary depending upon many factors, for example, the fuel oil, the amount of agitation encountered, the amount of water, etc. In most cases suitable results are obtained employing l075 ppm. of demulsifier to oil but preferably 2550 p.p.m. In certain oils, the lower concentrations are satisfactory whereas with certain more readily emulsifiable oils, the higher concentrations are desirable.

In order further to describe this phase of the invention, several of the test compositions are prepared by dissolving 40 ppm. of the following compounds of this invention in a diesel fuel, mixing the thus prepared solution with an equal amount of either distilled water or synthetic sea water, and subjecting the resulting admixtures to stirring at ring at the rate of 1,500 revolutions per minute. Blanks are prepared by mixing the diesel fuel with distilled water or synthetic sea water in equal amounts. The test compositions containing no demulsifier form emulsions which persist for long periods of time after stirring is stopped. Test compositions containing the compounds shown in the following table either do not emulsify or the emulsions are completely resolved within a short time after stirring is stopped.

EMULSION PREVENTATIVE FOR OIL IN TRANSIT BREAKING OIL-IN-WATER EMULSIONS This phase of the invention relates to the use of the products of this invention in a process for preventing, resolving or separating emulsions of the oil-in-water class.

Emulsions of the oil-in-water class comprise organic oily materials, which, although immiscible with water or aqueous or non-oily media, are distribuuted or dispersed as small drops throughout a continuous body of non-oily medium. The proportion of dispersed oily material is in many and possibly most cases a minor one.

Oil-field emulsions containing small proportions of crude petroleum oil relatively stably dispersed in water or brine are representative oil-in-water emulsions. Other .oil-in-Water emulsions include: steam cylinder emulsions,

in which traces of lubricating oil are found dispersed in condensed steam from steam engines and steam pumps, wax-hexane-Wa-ter emulsions, encountered in de-waxing operations in oil refining; butadiene tar-in-water emulsions, encountered in the manufacture of butadiene from heavy naphtha by cracking in gas generators, and occurring particularly in the wash box waters of such systems; emulsions of flux oil in steam condensate produced in the catalytic dehydrogenation of butylene to produce butadiene; styrene-in-water emulsions in synthetic rubber plants; synthetic latex-in-water emulsions, found in plants producing copolymer butadiene-styrene or GRS synthetic rubber; oil-in-water emulsions occurring in the cooling water systems of gasoline absorption plants; pipe press emulsions from steam-actuated presses in clay pipe manufacture; emulsions of petroleum residues-in-diethylene glycol, in the dehydration of natural gas.

In other industries and arts, emulsions of oily materials in water or other non-oily media are encountered, for example, in sewage disposal operations, synthetic resin emulsion paint formulations, milk and mayonnaise processing, marine ballast water disposal, and furniture polish formulation. In cleaning the equipment used in processing such products, diluted oil-in-water emulsions are inadvertently, incidentally, or accidentally produced. The disposal of aqueous wastes is, in general, hampered by the presence of oil-in-water emulsions.

Essential oils comprise non-sap-onifiable materials like terpenes, lactones, and alcohols. They also contain saponifiable esters or mixtures of saponifiable and nonsaponifiable materials. Steam distillation and other production procedures sometimes cause oil-in-water emulsions to be produced, from which the valuable essential oils are difiicultly recoverable.

In all such examples, a non-aqueous or oily material is emulsified in an aqueous or non-oily material with which it is naturally immiscible. The term oil is used herein to cover broadly the water-immiscible materials present as dispersed particules in such systems. The non-oily phase obviously includes diethylene glycol, aqueous solutions, and other non-oily media in addition to water itself.

The foregoing examples illustrate the fact that, Within the broad genus of oil-in-water emulsions, there are at least three important sub-genera. In these, the dispersed oily material is respectively non-saponifiable, saponifiable, and a mixture of non-saponifiable and saponifiable ma terials. Among the most important emulsions of nonsaponifiable material in water are petroleum oil-in-water emulsions. saponifiable oil-in-water emulsions have dispersed phases comprising, for example, saponifiable oils and fats and fatty acids, saponifiable oily or fatty esters, and the organic components of such esters to the extent such components are immiscible with aqueous media. Emulsions produced from certain blended lubricating compositions containing both mineral and fatty oil ingredients are examples of the third sub-genus.

Oil-in-water emulsions contain widely different proportions of dispersed phase. Where the emulsion is a waste product resulting from water flushing of manufacturing areas or equipment, the oil content may be only a few parts per million. Resin emulsion paints, as produced, contain a major proportion of dispersed phase. Naturally-occurring oil-field emulsions of the oil-in-Water class carry crude oil in proportions varying from a few parts per million to about 20%, or higher in certain cases.

This phase of the present invention is concerned with the resolution of those emulsions of the oil-in-water class which contain a minor proportion of dispersed phase, ranging, for example, from 20% or higher down to parts per million or less.

Although the present process relates to emulsions containing for example as much as 20% or more dispersed oily material, many if not most of them contain a-ppreciably less than this proportion of dispersed phase. In fact, most of the emulsions encountered in the development of this invention have contained about 1% or less of dispersed phase. It is to such oil-in-wate-r emulsions having dispersed phase volumes of the order of 1% or less to which the present process is particularly directed. This does not mean that any sharp line of demarcation exists and that, for example, an emulsion containing 1.0% of dispersed phase will respond to the process, whereas one containing 1.1% of the same dispersed phase will remain un-alfected; but that, in general, dispersed phase proportions of the order of 1% or less appear most favorable for appliaction of the present pnocess.

In emulsions having high proportions of dispersed phase, appreciable amount of some emulsifying agent are probably present, to account for their stability. In the case of more dilute emulsions, containing 1% or less of dispersed phase, there may be difficulty in accounting for their stability on the basis of the presence of an emulsifying agent in the conventional sense. For example, steam condensate frequently contains very small proportions of refined petroleum lubricating oil in extremely stable dis persion; yet neither the steam condensate nor the refined hydrocarbon oil would appear to contain anything suitable to stabilize the emulsion. In such cases, emulsion stability must probably be predictated on some basis other than the presence of an emulsifying agent.

The present process is not believed to depend for its effectiveness on the application of any simple laws, because it has a high level of effectiveness when used to 38 resolve emulsions of widely different composition, e.g., crude or refined petrol-cum in water or diethylene glycol, as Well as emulsions of oily materials like animal or vegetable oils or synthetic oily materials in Water.

Some emulsions are byproducts of manufacturing procedures in which the composition of the emulsion is known. In many instances, however, the emulsions to be resolved are either naturally occurring or are accidentally or unintentionally produced; or in any event they do not result from a deliberate or premeditated emulsification procedure. In numerous instances, the emulsifying agent is unknown and as a matter of fact an emulsifying agent, in the conventional sense, may be felt to be absent. It is obviously very diificult or even impossible to recommend a resolution procedure for the treatment of such latter emulsions, on the basis of theoretical knowledge. Many of the most important applications of the present process are concerned with the resolution of emulsions which are either naturally-occurring or are accidentally, unintentionally, or unavoidably produced. Such emulsions are commonly of the most dilute type, containing about 1% or less of dispersed phase, although higher concentrations are often encountered.

The process which constitutes this phase of the present invention consists in subjecting an emulsion of the oil-inwater class to the action of a demulsifier of the kind described, thereby causing the oil particles in the emulsion to coalesce sufiiciently to rise to the surface of the nonoily layer (or settle to the bottom, if the oil density is greater) when the mixture is allowed to stand in the quiescent state after treatment with the reagent or demulsifier.

Applicability of the present process can be readily determined by direct trial on any emulsion, without reference to theoretical considerations. This fact facilitates its application to naturally-occurring emulsions, and to emulsions accidentally, unintentionally, or unavoidably produced; since no laboratory experimentation, to discover the nature of the emulsion components or of the emulsifying agent, is required.

These reagents are useful in undiluted form or diluted with any suitable solvent. Water is commonly found to be a highly satisfactory solvent, because of its ready availability and negligible cost; but in some cases, nonaqueo-us solvents such as an aromatic petroleum solvent may be found preferable. The products themselves may exhibit solubilities ranging from rather modest waterdispersibility to full and complete dispersibility in that solvent. Because of the small proportions in which our reagents are customarily employed in practicing our process, apparent solubility in bulk has little significance. In the extremely low concentrations of use they undoubtedly exhibit appreciable water-solubility or water-dispersibility as well as oil-solubility or oil-dispersibili-ty.

These reagents may be employed alone, or they may in some instances be employed to advantage admixed with other and compatible oil-in-Water de-mulsifiers.

This process is commonly practiced simply by introducing small proportions of our reagent into an oil-inwater class emulsion, agitating to secure distribution of the reagent and incipient coalescence, and letting stand until the oil phase separates. The proportion of reagent required will vary with the character of the emulsion to be resolved. Ordinarily, proportions of reagent required are from l/l0,000 to l/l,000,000 by volume of emulsion treated; but preferably is 5-50 p.p.m. More reagent is sometimes required, We have found that the factors, reagent feed rate, agitation, and settling time are some what interrelated. For example, we have found that if suflicient agitation or proper character is employed, the settling time is shortened materially. On the other hand, if satisfactory agitation is not available, but extended settling time is, the process is equally productive of satisfactory results.

Agitation may be achieved by any available means.

In many cases, it is sufficient to introduce the reagent into the emulsion and use the agitation produced as the latter flows through a conduit or pipe. In some cases, agitation and mixing are achieved by stirring together or shaking together the emulsion and reagent. In some instances, distinctly improved results are obtained by the use of air or other gaseous medium. Where the volume of gas employed is relatively small and the conditions of its introduction relatively mild, it behaves as a means of securing ordinary agitation. Where aeration is effected by introducing a gas directly under pressure or from porous plates or by means of aeration cells, the effect is often importantly improved. A sub-aeration type flotation cell, of the kind commonly employed in ore benefication operations, is an extremely useful adjunct in the application of our reagents to many emulsions. It frequently accelerates the separation of the emulsion, reduces reagent requirements, or produces an improved effluent. Sometimes all three improvements are observable.

Heat is ordinarily of little importance in resolving oilin-water class emulsions with our reagents although there are some instances where heat is a useful adjunct. This is especially true where the viscosity of the continuous phase of the emulsion is appreciably higher than that of Water.

In some instances, importantly improved results are obtained by adjusting the pH of the emulsion to be treated to an experimentally determined optimum value.

The reagent feed rate also has an optimum range, which is suiiiciently wide, however, to meet the tolerances required for the variances encountered daily in commercial operations. A large excess of reagent can produce distinctly unfavorable results.

Our reagents have likewise been successfully applied to other oil-in-water class emulsions, of which representative examples have been referred to above. Their use is, therefore, not limited to crude petroleum-in-water emulsions.

The manner of practicing the present invention is clear from the foregoing description. However, for completeness the following examples are included:

Example 4O H An oil-in-water type of emulsion from an oil well in the Race Track field located in Southern California is stable for many days in the absence of external resolution. This oil-in-water emulsion contains about 5000 p.p.m. crude oil on the average. Our process is practiced by flowing the well fluids, comprising a natural gas phase, a crude oil phase and an oil-in-water emulsion phase through a gas separator, then to a steel tank of 5000 barrel capacity. In this system the reagent 4O H is introduced into the stream of oil-in-water emulsion and crude oil phase as it leaves the gas separator. The proportion of reagent required for this oil-in-water emulsion is of the order of 50 p.p.m. Flow through the line to the 5000 barrel steel tank provides sufficient mixing and agitation to allow the reagent to come into contact with the oil particles of the oil-in-water emulsion. The bulk of the oil particles separate from the water phase in this 5000 barrel tank, but final separation of any remaining oil particles is accomplished by a series of open air sumps downstream of the 5000 barrel tank. The water emerging from these sumps is water-white and free of entrained oil particles.

Example 4O HK An oil-in-water emulsion produced from an oil well in the Edison field in Southern California is stable for many days in the absence of external resolution. This oil-inwater emulsion contains about 1200 p.p.m. crude oil on the average. Our process is practiced by introducing into the flowline at the head of the well a reagent 4-O HK and allowing it to commingle with the well fluids as they travel to a central heating and separation system. Flow 

1. A PROCESS FOR BREAKING, PREVENTING, AND SUPPRESSING EMULSIONS WHICH IS CHARACTERIZED BY SUBJECTNG THE EMULSION TO THE ACTION OF AN AGENT SELECTED FROM THE GROUP CONSISTING OF (1) A BRANCHED POLYALKYLENEPOLYAMINE CONTAINING AT LEAST THREE PRIMARY AMINO GROUPS AND AT LEAST ONE TERTIARY AMINO GROUP AND HAVING THE FORMULA 